Introduction to Criminal Justice Free Essay Example, 1500 words

In the case, Ulster v. Allen, 442 U. S. 140, 1979, presumptions as evidence was used where the defendants refused to the introduction of the guns into evidence since there was not enough proof to connect them with the guns. The trial court canceled the protest, relying on the presumption of custody created by a New York law providing that the existence of a weapon in a vehicle is presumptive confirmation of its unlawful ownership by all people then occupying the automobile, except when inter alia, the weapon is set up upon the individual of one of the occupants (Samaha, 20111). To find guilty a criminal defendant, the prosecutor must confirm the defendant guilty beyond a rational uncertainty thus presumptions should be allowed. As part of this procedure, the defendant is given a chance to present a justification (Ingram, 2011). There are several types of defenses, from I did it but it was self-defense or was under the influence of illicit stuff to know what I was doing and I did not do it. Some of the defenses that criminal raise include, the defendant did not do which is the most common where they try to avoid punishment by claiming the crime at hand was not committed by them and they have no idea who did (Ingram, 2011) it. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Criminal Justice or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Others even go to the lengths of saying they were not near the perimeter of the crime. The defense for I did it but with a good reason is another type of defense where the offender tries to avoid punishment even though there is sufficient evidence that they did the crime in question. Self-defense is a defense normally asserted by people charged with the offense of aggression, such as striking someone, physical attack with a harmful weapon, or slaughter (Ingram, 2011). The defendant admits that they, in fact, committed the offense, but claims that it was acceptable by the other person's intimidating actions. The insanity justification is based on the opinion that penalty is justified only if the defendant is competent enough to control their behavior and understanding that what they have done is harmful to others (Ingram, 2011).

The Health Of A Public Health Worker - 980 Words

Growing up I had witnessed many people that were not able to have access to health care. I have seen many children who had physical disabilities that could have been prevented. In some cities in my homeland, people used and still walk for days to get basic medical treatments because there is no clinics or hospitals in their town or the surrounding cities. Many people used to die to diseases that could have been prevented with single vaccine. Therefore, since I was young child I always wanted to help people to have access to health care especially young children, and that’s was the reason why I chose to become a public health worker. The public health workers ultimate responsibility is to promote, maintain, and improve the health of individual, family, and community. as any other profession public health workers have principles of ethics that they need to follow. Public health should address the causes of diseases to and requirements for health, aiming to prevent adverse health outcomes. When they are developing policies, and programs it needs to be evaluated through processes that will ensure that the community members will have opportunity of input. When achieving community health they must do it in way that respects the community members. Is the public health responsibility to advocate for, or work for the empowerment of, disenfranchised community members ensuring that the basic resources and conditions necessary for health are accessible to all people in the community.Show MoreRelatedImproving The Effectiveness Of Public Health Workers Response1357 Words   |  6 PagesAlarming Emergency: Improving the Effectiveness of Public Health Workers Response Humanitarian emergencies affect millions of people annually and they can be in the form of either conflicts or disasters. 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Role Of Multiple Sclerosis Nurse Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Within this assignment the followers will be covered, a description of multiple induration along with the assorted diagnosed types. The statistics of multiple induration will be given, every bit good as who are most at hazard. The many functions the multiple induration nurse specializer provides including, back uping those freshly diagnosed to accept they have multiple induration, managing symptoms, advice on life style and working life, instruction and instruction. We will write a custom essay sample on Role Of Multiple Sclerosis Nurse Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The nurse specializer ‘s function in disease modifying therapy will be discussed, with treatment given to concordance with prescribed medicines. Evidence will be given to back up why the multiple induration nurse specializer is required and the importance of the function in footings of diagnosing, probes and intervention. The principle behind this chosen subject is to place if the multiple induration nurse specializer improves attention for patients with multiple induration ( Forbes et al 2006 ) . Besides does the multiple induration nurse specializer adjutant in advancing harmony with medicine and intervention programs ( Shaw A ; McMillan 2008 ) . Multiple Sclerosis ( MS ) is a chronic status that affects the cardinal nervous system ( CNS ) . The medulla covering the nervousnesss of the CNS is damaged doing the tissues to be attacked by the immune system, in belief that a foreign organic structure has invaded the country involved ( MS Society 2010 ) . The consequence of the harm of the tissues is recognised through slower reactions from the signals of the encephalon to the organic structure, which can ensue in jobs with motion, address, weariness, vision, co-ordination to call but a few ( Burgess 2010 ) . There are three more common types of diagnosed MS which are, Get worsing Remitting, Secondary Progressive and Primary Progressive. On first diagnosing of MS it may be hard to lucubrate what type of MS the person is diagnosed with due to changing clip in backslidings from individual to individual ( Ms Trust 2010 ) . Get worsing remitting MS is more common in footings of diagnosing with over two tierces of those diagnosed with MS being categorised under this type ( Leary et al 2005 ) . With get worsing remitting MS an person may see backslidings in the part of one or two per twelvemonth. Full recovery periods in between onslaughts may be noticeable, although single ‘s symptoms may deteriorate due to the badness of the backsliding. Secondary imperfect is associated with less frequent backsliding but disablement with MS additions. Over half of those diagnosed with backsliding remitting ab initio, will be diagnosed with secondary imperfect within 10 old ages of initial diagnosing ( Leary et al 2005 ) Primary imperfect can be unfortunate with those diagnosed, unlike backsliding remitting and secondary imperfect there is no remittal periods, around 10 per centum of those diagnosed with this type of MS experience symptoms from the oncoming ( MS Society 2010 ) In 2008 MS statistics showed that over 85,000 of the population in the United Kingdom where diagnosed with MS, ( MS Trust 2008 ) . On the 10 April of this twelvemonth the MS trust ( 2010 ) republished figures demoing that figures have increased to 100,000, about 20 % addition within 2 old ages. Diagnosis age is normally between 20 and 40 and adult females are more likely campaigners to be diagnosed, there is no account for this, nevertheless the statistics are greater in Scotland, this is said to be due to the environment but research into this is ongoing ( MS Trust 2008 ) . In 2005 a survey was carried out by Forbes et Al ( 2006 ) . This survey evaluated the programme of the nurse specializer function, and aimed to place if the MS specializer function improved attention provided. The paper concludes that the specializer nurse continuance to care was evidentiary. There was argument over betterments with jobs with disease, and the betterment in quality of life with MS due to the specializer nurse. This may hold been true in footings of jobs with disease prior to 1993 when there was no available interventions, symptoms may hold been managed with steroids ( Shaw A ; McMillan 2008 ) . Although Forbes et Al ( 2006 ) supports the function of the MS nurse specializer and the benefits to those who have MS to hold a nurse who is dedicated in this field, Forbes et Al ( 2006 ) believed that the Nurse specializer function in Ms may profit to be more research based. This is disagreed with Embrey and Lowndes ( 2007 ) who shows grounds of the many roles the nurse spec ializer dramas, including the nurse led clinics provided by the nurse specializers who aid with symptom control provides information and support for those who are freshly diagnosed or get downing interventions such as disease modifying therapy. Care needs for MS patient ‘s can be differential from patient to patient, this depends non merely how long diagnosing has been, but how persons deal with the diagnosing. The persons apprehension of the status and how their lives may be affected professionally and personally at different phases of there lives ( Malcomson et al 2008 ) . The nurse specializer can be a anchor for these patients understanding single attention demands, supplying information on how to cover with state of affairss that occur and supplying other signifiers of information and support services if and when required ( Burgess 2010 ) . Over the old ages intervention for MS has developed leting persons to pull off the status more successfully. The nurse specializer plays a large portion in reding, and back uping the person ‘s pick on chosen intervention if required ( Burgess 2010 ) . For get worsing remitting MS and those who have had two or more onslaughts over the twelvemonth Disease Modifying Therapy ( DMT ) may be a pick of intervention ( Shaw A ; McMillan 2008 ) . However harmony with DMT can be an issue and the manner the nurse specializer uses her cognition and expertness may play a portion in the patients go oning the planned intervention programme ( Shaw A ; McMillan 2008 ) . A survey by Shaw A ; McMillan ( 2008 ) evaluated harmony with MS prescribed medicines ; grounds showed that 20 five per centum ne’er followed the planned government when on DMT intervention. This may hold been for assorted grounds including timing of injection, side effects or injection techniques. The biggest ground may be that an apprehension that DMT does non work from oncoming. The intervention takes clip to work patients must be made cognizant of the procedures involved in DMT. This can be clip devouring for the Ms nurse specializer but in their dedicated function nurse will to the full measure whether the single patient is able to understand that benefits out manner the backslidings and the progressive disablement that MS may hold ( Gutteridge 2006 ) . How to cite Role Of Multiple Sclerosis Nurse Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Income Statement

Question: Opening a shop with the name of mady vegetarian food. Need to work on the finance and critical risk Financial Demonstrate the viability of the undertaking Pro forma balance sheet, income statement, cashflow statement and break-even chart : Operations. Location( Brunswick Melbourne Australia Vic), labour availability, wage rate, proximity to suppliers, customers and community support, taxes and zoning, plant and equipment Answer: In arriving at a conclusion about the viability of the new business, we have made certain assumptions while drawing up the income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement and the break-even analysis of the business. We will explain the same under separate headings. All the figures in the analysis are assumed. Income Statement The following assumptions were made: This is the first year of business and the revenue from sales is not much The wage rate in Melbourne, Victoria is $16 per hour as of 2016 ("Melbourne, Victoria City Wages - City of Melbourne Average Hourly Rate - PayScale", 2016) The business does not have any long-term or short-term interest payment obligations It operates where tax is not applicable Cash Flow Following are the assumptions involved: There is no revenue from operations The entire revenue is dependent on cash sales There are no long-term borrowings Absence of tax except a GST payment of $5000 Current assets purchased worth $10000 Balance Sheet The following items were assumed while making the balance sheet: There is no inventory at the end of the year A long term asset was purchased Absence of depreciation Other figures of liabilities are assumed Break Even Analysis Following are the assumptions: The selling price per unit is assumed along with the average cost per unit ("Minimum wages - Fair Work Ombudsman", 2016) Analysis The figures taken in the entire calculation are assumed. Other assumptions made are stipulated above and it can be seen from those figures that the business makes a profit in its first year. Interest on long-term liabilities is absent and depreciation is not charged for the long-term asset purchased ("Evaluating Product Viability", 2016). The business operates in an environment where there is no tax on its income. On the other hand, it has a GST expenditure of $5000 during the year. The prospects are looking good from the financial statements, as it has not incurred any loss during the year depending on the assumed environment of performance. Its operating profits are considerable. The liquidity position of the business is moderate and there is a moderate amount in the form of cash in hand (Taylor, 2016). The business is yet to acquire any long-term asset. Therefore, it can be concluded that the business is viable at the present point of time. References Evaluating Product Viability. (2016).Shopify. Retrieved 4 June 2016, from https://www.shopify.com.au/guides/what-to-sell/evaluating-product-viability Melbourne, Victoria City Wages - City of Melbourne Average Hourly Rate - PayScale. (2016).Payscale.com. Retrieved 4 June 2016, from https://www.payscale.com/research/AU/Location=Melbourne-Victoria/Hourly_Rate Minimum wages - Fair Work Ombudsman. (2016).Fairwork.gov.au. Retrieved 4 June 2016, from https://www.fairwork.gov.au/pay/minimum-wages Taylor, K. (2016).Kroger and Whole Foods might be investing billions into a losing game.Business Insider Australia. Retrieved 4 June 2016, from https://www.businessinsider.com.au/is-online-grocery-actually-the-future-2016-3

12 Free Online Learning Sites on History, World Culture and Law

12 Free Online Learning Sites on History, World Culture and Law For a long time, a lot of important information was difficult to access. Nowadays, because of the fast technological development, many unique legal documents and historical manuscripts can be easily viewed on the Web. Here is a selection of valuable online sources, which can help you in writing your essay. University of Washington’s OpenUW  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The University of Washington offers a free educational resource for courses related to history.Notre Dame OpenCourseWare  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Here is another place for getting decent learning materials for students and self-learners from around the world.Bio’s Best  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Biography.com is a valuable website for those who study history. Mostly, students tend to consult Wikipedia if they need information on important people who changed the world in some way. Yet, we can confidently advise checking out this website for more information about the most popular and influential historical figures of all times.Boston College Front Row (History)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Boston College offers a free access to streaming media and video materials of cultural and scholarly events, which regularly take place at this educational establishment.MIT OpenCourseWare (History)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ More than 70 subjects related to history are covered by the MIT History Fa culty and the access to the information is free.Wikiversity School of Social Sciences  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This is a portal of the Social Sciences, which is aimed to help learners of different educational levels, from pre-school to the university. Both professional and informal types of training are covered.OpenLearn (Arts and Humanities)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The Open University is well-known for the opportunity of a flexible part-time study. It offers a great variety of undergraduate and postgraduate qualifications and access to the course materials is free.A Biography of America  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This source is valuable particularly for the students who learn the history of the United States. It presents a comprehensive factual narrative of the whole history of America.Have Fun with History  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Here is another interesting resource for all those who are keen on studying the diverse history of the United States.The USGenWeb Project  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ If you are curious about your ancestors, the Project ca n help you figure out your family history.Duke Law Center for the Public Domain  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Duke University is considered to be one of the best educational establishments in the South. It offers free access to courseware for those who want to thoroughly study the justice system.Case Western Reserve University School of Law  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Provides high-quality lectures, webcasts and podcasts for law students. Here you can find a great selection of law-related materials, which are useful and insightful.

10 High-Paying Vocational Jobs to Consider

10 High-Paying Vocational Jobs to Consider Education is very important and is instrumental towards furthering your career. But that doesn’t mean you have to complete a traditional four-year degree to find job satisfaction and career success. Here are 10 of the highest paying vocational careers- most of which require only an associate’s degree, or some certification or degree from a technical school. If any of these sing to you, you might be able to bring home a good deal of bacon without having to go get an expensive and time-consuming bachelor’s degree. So think about looking outside the traditional box and expanding your earning potential- and getting a leg up on all of those Humanities majors who are working in retail and underemployed!1. Electrical RepairmanMaintain and repair electronics and electrical equipment in both household settings and at companies, and make a median annual salary of over $57k.2. Commercial PilotEver wonder what it’s like to fly planes? This job requires a bunch of hard work and training- FAA accredited flight school certification in addition to your associate’s- but the paycheck speaks for itself. The median annual salary is well over $57k, and you’ll see nothing but blue skies ahead! Fly passengers or cargo. Plus, the benefits are great!3. Nuclear Medicine TechnologistYou’ll need a specialized associate’s degree in nuclear medicine, but you can earn over $62k per year (median salary) working alongside radiologists or physicians.4. Fashion DesignerHave an eye for fashion? Talent with a sewing machine? Get your associate’s or some specialized training at a fashion school and you could net a median annual salary of over $62k.5. PlumberThis noble career is always in high demand. The median annual pay is around $50k, but top paid plumbers can make almost $90k. There’s also great growth in this field- about 12%.6. Dental HygienistYou need very little schooling to make an annual median salary of over $72k clean ing teeth, educating patients, and assisting dentists. And with a growth rate of 19%? No brainer.7. Registered NurseRegistered nurses are always in demand. With only an associate’s degree, you can help provide essential care for patients in any number of health care settings. And you can make median salary over $67k- but top earners can make over $101k.8. Nuclear TechnicianWith an associate’s degree in applied sciences, you can make up to $65,500 in median annual pay managing and operating equipment in the nuclear power field.9. Computer SpecialistGood with computers? Take your associate’s degree- or simply some specialized training at a technical school- and put your skills to work fixing and managing hardware, software, and other systems. The more skills you have, the more companies you’ll appeal to! And the median annual salary is over $68k.10. Web DeveloperIf you have, or think you might have, a knack for building websites- an eye for design and good skill with computer software- then you might do well as a web developer. Median pay is nearly $65k per year, but top pay can be over $116k. And the growth rate is an insane 27%.

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human Resources - Essay Example The local market has reached saturation and 80% of the firm’s sales are in North America. The firm needs new markets for sales and production options to be able to produce in a globally competitive market. This may be achieved by impeccable execution by the HR department. This would mean changing the whole organizational culture of the firm and drawing out more efficient ways of operations especially where employees are concerned. The problem was that the firm was losing shareholder value, which it needed to regain at any cost or risk the firm’s downfall as a permanent feature. The firm was growing with takeovers and eating competition shares which was not enough for real growth, as it needed to increase its top-line sales (Hofstede, 2005). Analysis With the changing global economic environment, Sonoco began suffering as its sales went down. The firm was incurring many additional expenses which could have been easily avoided had the HR structure been in line with the lo ng-term strategies of the firm. The firm was in need for surging new markets but it could not do so with the current HR design nor could it afford to spend unnecessarily especially on employees. Assessing the internal environment it seemed that the employees had settled in and were content with the fact that they had secure jobs. The majority had been working for a long time with the firm which made them at ease with one another and there was hardly any competition with one another which worked negatively for the firm (Decenzo, 2001). This is because the employees did not mind that some of them were under-producing and were ok with the fact that they were not being compensated for their extra work if any. The firm was not giving the right appreciation to the right employee, which indicates that the growth was not on merit. Perhaps there was a lack of leadership where the grievances of employees were not addressed and they stayed because the firm was lenient. The employees did not ha ve stringent objectives to work towards and apparently the overall work of each employee was not too demanding. However, the work environment was healthy as there is teamwork and employees are willing to protect each other. But there is a stark absence of a leader and key knowledge workers who could help in implementing the long-term goals and objectives of global growth. The HR department lacked structure and strategic alignment. Hartley focused on talent management and to place the right person at the right place, to assess individual worker’s input so that the compensation plan, promotion and talent may be assessed and utilised accordingly. She also focused on aligning the HR with that of GM’s businesses. She also focused on the fact that the firm needed to develop employees in terms of training and on the job learning. Lastly she understood that there was a need for leadership and to identify those with leadership qualities for the future. However, in her approach the most apparent mistake was that there was a top down approach. The industry trends were changing where the packaging demanded became extremely segmented and catering to these different niches was challenging. It was essential to understand the consumers. Likewise, according to Deresky (2007) it was essential to understand the wants and needs of the employees as suggested by Maslow in his needs theory. Once these needs were

Understand the approaches to human resources practices in Essay

Understand the approaches to human resources practices in organisations - Essay Example A few of the most common methods for assessing the performances of the employees and the organisations are as follows: Cortical incident method is concerned with recognising and defining specific events which are related to an employees’ performance. This method helps to recognise any drawbacks or decent activities of the employees that generated certain positive or negative instances in organisations and accordingly tries to develop methods for betterment (Waldt, 2004). Paired comparison method is the other well-liked method for performance management. This method comprises a list of relevant options which are intended for comparing one employee with certain other employee. This method is used for recognising the most effective employees in an organisation (Waldt, 2004). Management by Objectives (MBO) is another performance management method where supervisors and employers develop a list of objectives and make evaluations on the basis of the performances of the employees regularly. This method is mostly concerned with the goals accomplished by the employees without considering the ways of such accomplishments (Waldt, 2004). 360 degree feedback method a renowned method used in several organisations for assessing and managing the performances of the employees. In this method, employees provide confidential and anonymous assessments about the performances of their co-workers. Therefore, this method is useful for understanding the opinions of each employee about the activities and functions of other associates (Waldt, 2004). Performance management is a systematic procedure which involves various steps. The objective of these steps is to improve the efficiency of the organisation for achievement of mission and objectives. The process of performance management is described below: At the first phase, every organisation needs to plan the performance prospects and targets for

Managing Director on WTO Impact and Helping Enter New Markets Dissertation

Managing Director on WTO Impact and Helping Enter New Markets - Dissertation Example Also, the access to previously untapped markets has greatly helped the global economy as well as the different efforts of various countries and their governments to fight off poverty. Indeed, the economic activity that has been fuelled by trade liberalisation has contributed positively to the overall struggle to help ease poverty albeit there remain some countries as well as sectors that have yet to benefit fully from free trade (Mortishead 2006). Still, it cannot be denied that overall; free trade has provided immense opportunities that companies can take advantage of. Thus, for companies that are targeting to go global, it is important to factor in to their strategies the innate benefits of free trade that consumers have come to expect as well as the prospect of having more competitors and intricate transactions in the complex global marketplace (Wyld and Thomas 2011). Background, Aims and Objectives The liberalisation of trade has enabled globalization to gain much traction by all owing access to companies to previously untapped markets as well to take advantage of the different competitive advantages of various countries that can help them mitigate their costs and thereby increase their respective bottomlines. From its early years, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to its current WTO form, the organisation has pushed for greater trade liberalisation in order to maximize the potential of various nations as well as to hear out the pressing concerns that are being voiced out by member countries. Encouragingly, the recent Uruguay round has ushered in new, better and more binding agreements since there are more trade issues that have been sealed by more member nations compared to previous WTO rounds (A Round to End All Rounds, 2011). The increase in the trade agreements as well as the more numerous number of members that have joined together for the Uruguay round has greatly boosted the scope of trade liberalisation. Also, the membership of the pr eviously reclusive China has vastly increased the size of the global market since this country has the largest population all over the world. Consequently, there have been important policy adjustments that have been promulgated by the Chinese to support their membership to the global marketplace. Hence, there have been adjustments in their economic policies as well as their social and legal systems in order for them to qualify for WTO membership. Probably the most important of this was the lowering of their tariffs which have previously barred foreign competitors from entering their economy (Chow 2001). Another important contribution by trade liberalisation was the rise of the private sector which has immensely contributed to the growth of their respective economies and aggregately to the global economy as a whole (Wharton University Articles 2006). The free flow of products and services has also been accompanies by the flow of capital from the richer countries to the developing cou ntries. All these have been made possible when borders and barriers have been significantly brought down by free trade (Wacziarg and Spolaore 2004). Hence, there has been a strong improvement of the global economy as a whole with these important reforms that has been the fruit of having a strengthened free trade and the demolition or easing of protectionist policies between nations. Thus, companies are able to move freely across the borders of different nations gaining important new markets for their products as well as possible cheaper labour that are

The Sovereignty EU Parliament

The Sovereignty EU Parliament Sovereignty of Member States (UK) after joining European Union structures – does it still exist? It is important first to address what the perception of the doctrine of supremacy is to then examine what effect membership of the European Union has had on the sovereignty of the United Kingdom Parliament. The doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty in the UK can be traced back to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which is considered by some as being one of the most important events in the long evolution of the respective powers of Parliament, establishing the superiority of statute over prerogative powers. Parliament’s legislative supremacy involves not only the right to change the law, but that they alone should have that right. By the sovereignty of Parliament it is meant that there are no constitutional limitations on legislative powers of ‘Parliament’: the Queen in Parliament, through which a Bill approved by the House of Commons and House of Lords receives Royal Assent and becomes an Act of Parliament. It also extends to include the concept that the courts are under an obligation to give effect to legislation passed by Parliament, and not to question Parliamentary decisions embodied in statute. Thus defined, Dicey said of Parliament, which is had ‘under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.’(Dicey, The Law of the Constitution 1885 p39-40). This statement by Dicey exemplifies the classic interpretation of the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty. However, the Diceyan concept of the absolute, infinite sovereignty of Parliament is considered out of date and therefore in need of being revised. The impact of European law on the ‘sovereignty’ of Member States is one of the most controversial aspects of its working. Sovereignty is generally taken to be the capacity of a state for independent action both within and outside its own territory. That definition may be broken down into three elements. First, and most importantly in the context of international law, comes external sovereignty or the capacity of a state freely to determine its relations with other states or international organisations. A state possessing such capacity is clearly independent of other states. So, in this context, independence is a near synonym for external sovereignty. The counter part of (and necessary condition for) external sovereignty is internal sovereignty which is a state’s exclusive right and jurisdiction to establish its own internal institutions, to make the necessary arrangements for their working, to legislate for all purposes and to secure observance of such legislation. Finally territorial sovereignty is the exclusive authority which a state may exercise over anything or anybody within, above or beneath its territory. This includes the jealousy guarded right to regulate access to the air space above the territory or, for example, to seize foreign submarines which encroach within the territorial waters of a maritime country. Clearly, sovereignty as so defined cannot be absolute. All states must respect the sovereignty of others and accept limitations to their sovereignty stemming either from their interaction with other states or, for example, from treaties which they have entered into. Sovereignty is defined as the ultimate overseer or supreme authority in a state.   In a state sovereignty is vested in the institution, person, or body to impose law on everyone else and to alter any pre-existing law. The word sovereignty is also defined in another ways. Nation states are said to renounce part of their sovereignty, for example by signing a Treaty or by agreeing to an EU Directive which removes the right of decision from the national government or parliament in a particular field. Or they are said to share sovereignty by agreeing to common action though EU institutions, thus participating in decisions taken by the EU in accordance with its procedures, and no longer retaining the right to act unilaterally. In this use of sovereignty it virtually means the same as freedom to decide unilaterally. Before analyzing sovereignty of UK after joining the EU, it is important to outline the reasoning for the supremacy of Community Law from the Community point of view, and then a definition of Parliamentary sovereignty will be given. To summarise the Community view on supremacy according to the Court of Justice is that Community law, because of its unique nature, denies the Member States the right to resolve conflicts of law by reference to their own rules or constitutional provisions. Community law obtains its supremacy because of the transfer of state power and sovereignty to the Community by the Member States in those areas agreed. Furthermore, the Member States have provided the Community with legislative powers to enable it to perform its tasks. There would be no point in such a transfer of powers if the Member States could annul or suspend the effect of Community law by later national law or provisions of the constitutions. If that were allowed to be the case, the existence of t he Community legal order and the Community itself would be called into question. A precondition of the existence and functioning of the Community is the uniform and consistent application of Community law and the Community legal order in all the Member States. It can only achieve such an effect if it takes precedence over national law. Therefore the legal and logical consequence of this is that any provision of national law which conflicts with Community law must be invalid. Now that the supremacy of the Community has been considered, Parliamentary sovereignty must now be considered. Basically, in terms of dicey, the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty means that there are no legal limitations of Parliament and it has the right to make or unmake any law whatsoever. Further, no person or body is recognised as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament. The doctrine also implies that it is impossible to bind future Parliaments. Any subsequent Act expressly or impliedly overrides a prior Act and even international treaties can be expressly overridden by municipal. The UK’s membership of the European Union produces difficult questions of competing supremacies of Parliament and the primacy of EU law. Britain’s accession to the European Economic Community on 1st January 1973, was described by Anthony King as having â€Å"profound constitutional consequences†. (Does the United Kingdom Still Have a Constitution? 2001 p54) Britain’s application for membership was made in 1967, the Treaty of Accession signed on 22nd January 1972 and this was implemented by the European Communities Act 1972. The basis of this Act was a white paper published by the Labour government in 1967, intended to address the constitutional implications of membership of the EC. The paper pointed out that the effect of the UK adhering in advance to future instruments imposed by the Community institutions had no precedent in this country, and would result in a ‘constitutional innovation’. Whether this innovation could be successfully impleme nted was never resolved before the introduction of the 1972 Act. Many have said since our membership in 1973 that our sovereignty has been said to be handed over to the EU. The issues surrounding sovereignty in the UK system are affected by Britain’s membership of the European Union (EU). The laws of the EU are binding on all member states, and therefore, take precedence over British domestic law. Apart from a few exceptions, EU legislation automatically becomes law within the UK, irrespective of the opinion of the British Parliament. Although this is the case, parliament could agree to repeal previous legislation, withdraw from the EU to demonstrate that parliamentary sovereignty still exists. Therefore this leads to the argument that Britain has kept its sovereignty with the fact that it could pass an Act to, â€Å"renounce the Treaty, or would that be an illegal act of rebellion?† (Norman Tebbit Nov. 1998) However, I believe this to be unlikely unless one of the mainstream political parties were to adopt a strong anti-EU policy. T he 1986 Single European Act and the Maastrict Treaty can be seen as reducing Britain’s sovereignty since they have extended the range of policy areas on which the EU can legislate. This has caused many British Conservative members of the European Parliament to continually vote against many proposals, not because they necessarily disagree with them, but that they think they should be dealt with at a national level. Upon Britain’s accession to the EU in 1973, direct effect was accepted by us pretty much immediately. However this was completely opposite when it came to the United Kingdom accepting the supremacy of EU law. This was seen to be a problem because the doctrine conflicts centrally with the concept of having British constitution of ‘parliamentary sovereignty.’ The acts of parliament override all existing law or legislation. However in 1990 the House of Lords found a way to reconcile British parliamentary sovereignty and supremacy. As on a reference from the House of Lords, the European Court of Justice ruled that a 1988 act of British parliament was in breach of EU law. â€Å"The House of Lords accepted the judgement on the grounds that in passing the 1972 act of accession to the EU, British parliament had voluntarily accepted the EU legal system of which the supremacy of EU law is a central part. The House of Lords also argued that this does not compromise parliamentary sovereignty, as a future British parliament could repeal this act of accession.† (The political system of the European Union, Simon Hix, Macmillan Press, London, page 117) Britain’s entry into the European Treatys has attracted huge reform, as British Parliament must legislate in conjunction with EU law. And Acts and Laws already in existence must be interpreted to conform to EU Law, and the State has to ensure that all EU law is transposed and implemented accurately. This puts a huge strain on the Courts whilst ruling, thus making a mockery of Precedent as any case incorporating EU legislation can only be considered using the purposive approach, in order that EU directive can be met. So then this means that Britain has not in fact reserved its sovereignty as promised when first mentioned to the public all those years before. To understand the concept, we first need to acknowledge the unwritten code of the constitution and its efforts to ensure that Parliament is the executive law producing body of the land. And so, any Act of Parliaments will need to be adhered to directly by the applicable national court. In the case of Regina v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame it is easy to see the ingratiating manoeuvres of The House of Lords as it bows to supremacy of EU law.

Psychology and Depression Essay -- Psychology Psychological Essays

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Photosynthesis Playbill

The CREW Stage Manager Jo King Assistant Stage ManagerUriel Smart Creator/Writer NH Graphic Designer Kenny Dewitt Costume Designer Uta Mann Set and Props Crew Starr E. Sky Lighting DesignerWanda Rinn Sound Crew Dinah Might Dance Crew Jim Class Makeup Vic Toree DresserNeil B. Formi Acknowledgements The script, Life of Ps was made possible by my AP Biology teacher’s assignment.If not for her, I would never have sat down and composed a four page script about Photosynthesis. I would also like to thank my supporting family for listening to my complaints and frustrations throughout this process. My gratitude goes out to the AP Bio Facebook group as well, for answering all the questions I had about Photosynthesis. Thank you all very much. The CAST In order of appearance *Narrator *Thylakoid Lila *Calvin Cycle Cal Water H-Two-Oh *Electrons *Oxygen Oxi *Photons Tony *Photosystems II and I (respectively) *Chlorophylls A (P680 and P700) *Hydrogen Ion The Hydrogen Twins *Ferredoxin *Cytoc hrome Complex *Plastoquinone *Carbon Dioxide *NADP+ and NADPH *NADP+ Reductase *ATP Synthase *ATP and ADP + P *Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and RuBisCO *3-PGA *G3P *Glucose Biographies Main characters (Alphabetically)Calvin Cycle: Three phases occur here: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration Chlorophylls A (P680 and P700): reflects green light, and absorbs red and blue light to being the process of photosynthesis Electrons: transported through the Electron Transport Chain for the production of ATP and NADPH Glucose: ATP from the Light Reactions are used, with the addition of hydrogen ions to CO2 to make glucose. Narrator: Narrates the play Thylakoid: interconnected sacs and membranes within the chloroplast that contain enzymes involved in Light Reactions Water: is split to release electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen

buy custom Effects of Spouses’ Physical Abuse on Boys and Girls Adult Relationships essay

buy custom Effects of Spouses’ Physical Abuse on Boys and Girls Adult Relationships essay Domestic abuse has extensive and lasting consequences on victims. The impacts can either be physical or emotional and can affect the direct victim and children who notice parental brutality. Whenever parents are aggressive, with or without annoyance, there is a constant likelihood of child mistreatment. Physical violence to the child can as well transpire. During parental hostility, brutality moves straight onto the child, particularly older males. When parents are fighting, for instance, a mother can accidentally drop her baby or hit the child by mistake (Archer, 2000). I choose to focus on this topic because of these reasons, and many others since it is important to both parents and children. Hypothesis In this paper, I will show how physical abuse between spouses influence boys and girls behavior in adulthood. In most cases, the dissatisfaction in the relationship transfers to dissatisfaction in the child particularly when an irritated parent shifts blame for his or her matrimonial predicaments onto the child. Mistreated partners may not strike back against the violent partner and takes her assault out on the child by incorporating the child and his spouse, as an object for brutality. Emotional exploitation of children in brutal families may crop up more frequently than physical violence, and may result to intense mental harm to the child.Moreover, children can be abandoned owing to the parents' meager energy or incapability to meet their requirements. Abandonment of the child might take the shape of emotional deficit, poor control, failure to offer sufficient health care, or failure to give enough food (Sandra et al. 2000, 642). There is a genuine risk that children will learn violence, and that it will turn into an element of their outline of conduct. Research findings, child mistreatment texts and family theorists point out those aggressive patterns of conduct that are passed down to generations. Studies have shown that mistreated children recurrently turn out to be violent parents and offensive partners. Children who see their parents or other important adults take on in physical hostility frequently adapt to these manners and rebuild them in adulthood. In addition, numerous adults who exploit their partners were mistreated as children and/or witnessed physical aggression involving their parents (650). Theoretical Framework Brutality is an outline of cultured manners. It seems to be obtained by exposure, watching and endorsed in the family. It appears that the recurrence of the aggression is also attributable to the absence of any other practical or cultured stress reactions in the family structure. Although an individual who has been abused as a child regularly has extreme pessimistic outlook concerning the parents and their actions, opposing this harmful outlook are feelings of devotion for and a sense of belonging with the parents. Children might grow to take after the abusive behavior or as a victim. In addition to getting acquainted to brutal actions, the children discover adaptive or endurance behaviors by which they can evade being mistreated. Both the abuser and sufferer characters are presentd to children's performance repertoires, and they acquire a spouse who is also vulnerable to approve these characters (Hinchey and Gavelek, 1982, 399). Usually, the boy who witnesses family hostility will, firstly, sympathize with his mother and have severe pessimistic thoughts regarding his father's hostile actions. As he grows, the child might try to mediate in aggressive occurrences. Furthermore, the older son in the family may serve to cater for some of his mother's requirements and may assume some of the father's responsibilities. He may turn into his mother's close friend and supporter. Having learnt how to protect their mother from an abusive father, such a male becomes a very responsible man, overly protective, caring and loving towards their future partners (401). Conversely, as the male child attains late teenage years, he might become aggressive, disobedient, and unmanageable. In his effort to get away from the exceptionally close connection with his mother, he might become offensive to her, as he starts to relate to his father. He might as well begin excessive drinking, destroy property, and act aggressively to younger siblings. He might become violent if he gets into a relationship. Method The study designs employed in the findings expressed in this paper are surveys carried out by doctors, psychologists and gender advocates. They have taken a sample of both men and women in some studies, while others have taken women only. These are people who are mostly affected by spouse physical abuse in their childhood, and consequently in their adult relationships. The doctors measured the rate of depression and pressure in both men and women in poor relationships. They used the Hamilton Depression Scale to identify the intensity of depression in such individuals and a sphygmomanometer for blood pressure. These measurement tools were used because they are simple to incorporate and save on time. Survey Findings According to Sandras study, girls who have observed hostility involving their parents might take either the sufferer, or the abuser character, based on the situation. Females whose mothers endorse only a sufferer position will usually mimic this character themselves. Frequently, they take up child nurturing tasks for the younger children. The older female might ignore school to look after them. The female may hate this responsibility but will seldom convey annoyance. She typically tries to gratify her parents, but is regularly incapable of meeting their requirements. During aggressive incidents, she might make an attempt to defend her siblings. The daughter's responsibility as substitute mother and intermediary frequently makes her a prospective prey of incest. These girls may be silent, withdrawn, and reserved. There is likelihood that, without intercession, they will turn into victims of brutality. Consequently, such a female may not be willing to get involved with men in their adu lthood (Sandra et al. 2000, 650). Alternatively, daughters who have observed aggressive parental relations might have behavioral setbacks. These girls may exhibit their prediicaments in the classroom and act aggressively to age mates or siblings. As they approach puberty, most of these girls flee from their abodes, become drugs or alcohol addicts and sexually chaotic. All of these actions imply an effort to flee from a psychologically and physically destitute condition. Such a child will develop to be a reckless adult and certainly have poor relationships (Jeffrey and Angela, 1994). Those males who see their fathers mistreat their mothers are more probable to impose intense brutality as grown-ups. Statistics imply that females who see motherly mistreatment may endure violence as grown-ups more than females who do not. The lasting outcomes of child sexual mistreatment comprises despair and self-unhelpful activities, annoyance and resentment, poor sense of worth, feelings of seclusion and shame, difficulty in believing others, particularly men, marital and relationship setbacks, and a trend in the direction of revictimization. A discussion research study by Sandra and her colleagues tested whether revealed information of childhood witnessing to parental spouse mistreatment was connected with internalizing features of grown-up changes. Applicants were 550 males and female university scholars. Among females, childhood experience to spouse violence was connected to despair, trauma-connected indications and poor sense of worth. Among males, experience was linked with trauma-related indications. These relations were arithmetically unconnected to parental alcohol misuse and break ups accounted for. Relationships of parental spouse mistreatment to poor sense of worth and dejection among females were as well independent of deviation in shown information of child sexual and physical mistreatment. However, the connection of spouse mistreatment to trauma-connected indications depended, partially, on the co-incidence of child mistreatment. The discussion tackled allegations of the results for upcoming research and for medical applications (Sandra et al. 2000, 642). Several experimental studies have surveyed the association between familiarity with domestic hostility and developing disturbing distress. Hinchey and Gavelek (1982, 397) interviewed 93 females reporting to be in continuing, traumatic relationships and those who had grown on aggressive abodes. The researchers based their study on the connection between emotional violence, intensity of abuse in the relationship and dejection. The outcome of the study demonstrated a considerable connection between domestic hostility and dejection. In every cluster in the research, emotional abuse on its own, moderate abuse, and intense abuse, women attained the highest rate for disturbing tension chaos. Generally, 55.9% of the test met analytical standards for the condition. With the use of questionnaires, the study also proved that those particular women were in poor current relationships. In additional support of the extensive connection between family hostility and future relationship of children, Gaylord and his colleagues, interviewed 100 females in Australian asylums, each of whom had gone through domestic brutality. They established that 45 of the 100 females had problems with their relationships . Buy custom Effects of Spouses’ Physical Abuse on Boys and Girls Adult Relationships essay

The Health Impacts of Microwave Radiation

The Health Impacts of Microwave Radiation Introduction The 21st century has witnessed the development of numerous technologies which have helped to make human life easier. One of the technological breakthroughs of the century was in the adoption of various uses for the microwaves.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Health Impacts of Microwave Radiation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, these waves are extensively used for mobile communications and for cooking using the microwave oven. The prevalence in use of microwaves has resulted in human beings and the environment in all industrialized countries being exposed to electromagnetic fields in degrees that far exceed the natural tension levels. Significant concerns about the adverse impacts of radio-frequency on health have, therefore, been raised by the public with increasing frequency over the past few years. This paper will address the health concerns about microwave radiation so as to demonstrate t hat microwave radiations do have adverse effects on both human beings and the environment. The paper will conclude by offering alternatives and recommendations to mitigate the adverse impacts of microwaves. Background on Microwave Definition Bogdal defines microwaves as electromagnetic radiation placed between infrared radiation and radio frequencies, with wavelengths of 1mm to 1m which corresponds do the frequencies of 300 GHz to 300Mhz respectively (1). Microwaves are classified as non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation since the energy of the quanta that carry the energy is not enough to knock electrons from atoms as is the case with ionizing radiations such as X-ray energy. The past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in the worldwide use of microwaves. Figure 1: The Electromagnetic Spectrum The manner in which microwave radiation interacts with biological systems is through thermal and non-thermal effects. Thermal effects are attributed to the deposition of heat on a tiss ue while non thermal effects are attributable to the direct interaction of the waves on a tissue without a significant heat component. Moulder et al state that heating is the predominant means through which microwave energy affects biological systems (191).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Applications Microwaves have had the most significant application in the field of telecommunications and especially by cell phones. While mobile telecommunication emerged about two decades ago, the prevalence in use of this technology by the population only occurred in the last decade as a result of developments of digital systems. Here, the microwaves are used to carry voice information via small modulations of the waves frequency. Cell phones typically operate by sending voice data in the form of microwaves to a base station while receiving data in the same microwaves form from th e voice of the person being called. Wireless internet also makes use of microwaves which operate at 5 GHz or 2.4GHz. In wireless internet, the transmission of data is achieved via the same concept that voice is transmitted with the difference being that data are being transmitted instead of voice. The reason for the prevalence of microwave use in telecommunication is because microwave frequencies have a great capacity in carrying information. Microwaves are also used for household and industrial microwave ovens. Microwave ovens use a frequency of 2.45GHz to heat the food. The heating ability of microwave ovens is based on the ability of some liquids and solids to absorb and transform electromagnetic energy into heat (Bogdal 1). An important consideration is that the waves are to a large extent ignored by the plastic or glass container that holds the food or water. Health effect of Microwave Effect on environment Ground towers The mobile phone system employs a network of base station s which are distributed all over the service area and transmit microwave signals at an effective radiated power which lies between 200 and 2000 watts (Moulder et al. 190). The negative impact of ground towards has been further augmented by the increase in the number of base stations in many countries. This increase has been necessitated by the introduction of new 3G-UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) networks has resulted in the need for more towers and antennas. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Health Impacts of Microwave Radiation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 2: Microwave transmission towers. Ground towers have an adverse impact on the nearby vegetation as well as livestock that may be situated near the station. Huynh and Stutzman document that animal studies have observed health changes and chemical effects in animals that have been exposed to microwave radiation (24). Research by L à ¶scher and Ks revealed that cattle which was grazing near ground towers emitting microwaves suffered from severe milk yield reductions, spontaneous abortions and stillbirths (439). These negative effects were mitigated when the cattle was removed to pastures away from the towers but the adverse effects reappeared once they were brought back. Research by Balmori demonstrated that plants and trees are sensitive to the electromagnetic changes in the atmosphere that microwaves cause (2). In trees, microwave radiations cause resonance in the cellular membranes which distort the electrical charges of particles and also cause a disruption in water circulation. Forests are, therefore, irreparably damaged by long term exposures to microwaves. Antenna Antennas also have a negative impact on the environment due to their vast numbers. The distance between antennas that are placed on rooftops or lampposts is not restricted by government regulations in most countries which means that a signifi cant number of antennas can exist in a small radius. In animals, exposure to high levels of microwave radiation causes impairment of the immune system. Studies by Là ¶scher and Ks demonstrate that sheep which had been grazing in close proximity to transmitting antennas suffered from impaired immune system as well as fertility problems (439). This can be attributed to the changes in DNA repair mechanisms after microwave exposure which leads to decreased immunity defense (Levitt and Lai 374). Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 3: A Microwave Antenna Effect on humans Microwave ovens Consumption of food that has been cooked with a microwave oven for prolonged periods of time may have adverse effects on human beings. Research indicates that people who eat microwave cooked foods to long periods of time have an elevated level of cancerous cells in their body (Bogdal 11). In addition to this, microwave ovens alter the composition of minerals in vegetables forming cancerous radicals which can cause intestinal cancerous growths in a person. Microwaves also create by products that cannot be broken down by the human body resulting in food residuals building up in the body. If these residuals accumulate over an extended period of time, they can have adverse effect such as blood serum alteration. Figure 4: A standard Microwave Oven Cell phones The microwaves emitted by cell phones have a negative effect on human beings due to the distance between the cell phone and the human head when using a phone. The human brain, eyes, and auditory apparatus are the most exposed to the microwaves due to their location relative to the phone while in use. Research indicates that repeated use of cell phones results in the repeated exposure to microwave radiations of a fixed amount of body tissue with the deposition of significant amounts of radiation in the head. Moulder et al. document that there were increased acoustic neuromas in Sweden for people who reported using the phone on the same side of the head as the tumor (195). Microwave radiations in cell phones are also reported to cause memory, and learning impairment in children. Children are more susceptible to damage from cell phone radiation since their bodies are still developing. Research indicates that radiation from a cell phone penetrates deeper into the head of children than an adult’s due to their specific anatomies and tissue composition (Levitt and Lai 373). Figure 5: A Generic Cell Phone Ground towers The intensity of the microwa ve radiation decreases rapidly with increase in the distance from the emitting source. As such, exposure to microwaves from transmission towers is low depending on ones proximity. However, broadcast exposures due to tower stations have also been found to be unsafe even at regulated levels. Researchers have established a link between microwave radiation exposure and cancers in men and women who live near broadcast towers. Levitt and Lai stated that in a 10 year study evaluating data for approximately 1000 patients who lived close to cell antennas, it was found that those patients who lived for 5 to 10 years at a distance of 400 meters or less from a cell installation had a relative risk of getting cancer that was 3 times higher than those residents living more than 400 meters away from the installations (382). Alternative solutions and recommendations The study of microwave radiation effects on humans and the environment has overwhelmingly suggested that there is a significant relati onship between microwave exposure and health effects. This health hazards are as a result of both long-term low level exposure to handset radiation as well as short and long term exposures to high levels of radiations from ground towers. There is, therefore, need to address the health hazards that microwave radiations pose on both human beings and the environment. Research indicates that the ration exposure from microwaves during regular use is unlikely to be harmful to the individual. With this in mind, people should limit their usage of cell phones and microwave ovens so as to avoid the adverse health impacts that may result from overuse. As has been noted, the negative impacts associated with cell phones are as a result of the antenna being close to the users head as they are talking. It is, therefore, recommendable that people use phones which have antennas mounted away from the user. Alternatively, a user can increase the distance between himself and the cell phone by using hea dset or earpieces. While in the house, it is recommended that people use household cordless phones as opposed to mobile phones. This is because cordless phones operate at lower power levels and do not have the adverse health effects attributed to cell phones. The demand for wireless internet access has led to a need for hundreds of antennas in close proximity to the population for optimal signal strengths to be gotten by the users. Considering the negative effects these antennas, people should use wired internet connections such as optic fiber and phone lines. Government regulations can also help to decrease the harmful impact of microwave radiation from cell phones. If cell phones are manufactured such that they do not exceed the internationally recommended SAR and power density levels, they can prevent adverse health effects. Governments should also be strict in ensuring that manufacturers and players in the telecommunications industry adhere to the recommended RF exposure standar ds which are measured by two common parameters: specific absorption rates (SAR) and Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) (Huynh and Stutzman 24). Proximity to cell base stations has been noted to be associated with health complaints. With this in mind, the base stations should be located at least 500 meters away from human populations so as to avoid exposing people to harmful microwave radiations. As has been highlighted, children are more susceptible to microwave radiations. Measures should, therefore, be taken to ensure that their exposure to these harmful radiations is minimized. One way of doing this is by prohibiting the construction of cellular antennas within 400m of school property. Conclusion This paper is set out to address the health concerns about microwave radiations. The paper started by noting that the past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in the worldwide use of microwaves. This increased use has resulted in people being exposed to microwaves on even higher lev els than in the past. The paper has documented that microwaves are responsible for a myriad of negative health effects including: cancer, immune system changes, and learning impairment. The waves also affect the environment and animals in some cases leading to their destruction. The paper has highlighted some solutions and recommendations which, if followed, can significantly decrease the negative impacts that microwave radiations currently cause on humans and the environment. Balmori, Alfonso. The effects of microwaves on the trees and other plants. Dec 2003. Web. https://www.buergerwelle.de/assets/files/plantingle.pdf?cultureKey=q=pdf/plantingle.pdf Bogdal, Dariusz. Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis: One Hundred Reaction Procedures. NY: Elsevier, 2005. Print. Huynh, Minh and Stutzman Warren. â€Å"A review of radiation effects on human operators of hand-held radios†. Microwave Journal 21.2 (2004): 22-42. Print. Levitt, Blake and Lai Henry. â€Å"Biological effects from exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell tower base stations and other antenna arrays†. Environmental Review 18.1(2010): 369–395. Print. Là ¶scher Weld and Ks Grant. â€Å"Conspicuous behavioural abnormalities in a dairy cow herd near a TV and radio transmitting antenna†. Pract Vet Surg 79.4 (1998): 437–44. Web. Moulder, Edward, et al. â€Å"Mobile phones, mobile phone base stations and cancer: a review†. Int. J. Radiat. Biol 81.3 (2005) 189 – 203. Web.

Toyota Cars Recalls Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Toyota Cars Recalls - Research Paper Example Finally, the purpose of this academic paper is to possibly recommend applicable solutions based on conflict management principles that would address the identified problems encountered by the Toyota Motor Corp. To further understand, how and why Toyota ended up with the Toyota Recall incident it is necessary to have knowledge on the background of the company and how it operates in the field of the automobile manufacturing industry. Toyota Motor Company Early Beginnings In 1933, Toyota did not out rightly start as an automobile manufacturing company. Actually, the family that started it was initially engaged with just spinning and weaving textiles and looms under Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, a small division, which was under the direction of Kiichiro Toyoda. It started to manufacture vehicles when the Japanese government at war with China encouraged this company to manufacture the needed domestic vehicles. (â€Å"History of Toyota†, 2011). A Window to Toyota Motor Corporation ( TMC) Today The CEO Who is running Toyota Motor Corporation today? â€Å"Akio Toyoda is the present President and Representative Director of the company. He is the grandson of the late Kaiichiro Toyoda, who operated the Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, a company devoted to manufacture automobiles during the 1930’s. Akio Toyoda was elected to the said positions in 2009 replacing Katsuaki Watanabe.† (â€Å"The President†,2011) TMC’s Domain â€Å"TMC’s domain belongs to the automotive industry and thus, its main product is the automobile. However, TMC today has expanded to other non-automotive business activities to include financial service business segments† (â€Å"Toyota Company Overview†, n.d.).Their stakeholders include: customers, business partners (dealers and suppliers), investors, consumers, nongovernmental organisations government, community, stockholders. Vision & Philosophy â€Å"Since its foundation, Toyota has been using the Gu iding Principle which says: to produce reliable vehicles and sustainable development of society by employing innovative and high quality products and services† (â€Å"Vision & Philosophy, 2011). Guiding Principle: â€Å"TMC’s guiding principle is to produce reliable vehicles and sustainable development of society by employing innovative and high quality products and services† (â€Å"Guiding Principle†, 2011). Toyota Global Vision 2020 â€Å"Toyota promotes efforts towards finding balance between the cycles of nature and the cycles of industry. Toyota commits to the ideals being pursued for People, Society and the Global Environment through the combined energy of people and technology† (â€Å"Toyota Global Vision 2020†, 2011). Employment: 320, 590 (Total in affiliated companies) Date Founded: August 28, 1937 Capital: 397.05 billion yen (as of March 31, 2010) Note: Information current as of June 2010. The number of employees includes those dis patched from other companies as of March 31, 2010 (â€Å"Company Profile†, 2011) TMC’s Organizational Structure â€Å"We have a fairly flat organization, which allows for ease of communications and flexibility. Within departments the organization divides into groups and teams, this team structure is a key element of the Company’s effectiveness.†

The Impact of Globalization on the Global Economy and Global Business Assignment

The Impact of Globalization on the Global Economy and Global Business - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that the Westphalian model of nationhood allowed different groups to form nations and maintain some degree of autonomy. The autonomy led to the creation of sovereign governments that were recognized locally in the nation and also internationally under the Westphalian treaty. Under this model, people and businesses had to be done within the confines of a given nation or state. In order to do any business elsewhere, the business needed to take up a charter or a kind of permit in the foreign jurisdiction. This provided serious restrictions for doing business borders. The Age of Exploration was pioneered by European sailors mainly from the Iberian nations of Spain and Portugal who found ways of reaching other nations by sea. This led to colonization and several international grasp of lands in foreign territories. In this era, businesses were organized strictly according to national lines and it was only the governments of the respective European nations who co ntrolled affairs in the overseas territories they had acquired. This led to serious tensions that led to several wars in the past three hundred years. The largest and most destructive of these wars fought over the control of national interests was the Second World War which was fought on the basis of trade restrictions and control of foreign territories. After the Second World War, the United Nations was formed to seek peaceful means of resolving issues and the promotion of human rights and the improvement of lives for people in societies around the world. Towards Modern Globalization The United Nations and other related entities like the IMF and World Bank set the foundation for the integration of nations and the unification of purpose of different businesses from different parts of the world. This marked the move towards the globalization that we have today. Globalization for the most part refers to the worldwide exchange of resources between nations and communities without restri ctions. As the study outlines globalization best refers to the elimination of borders and the disappearance of national restrictions on trade and other economic activities. Globalization has encouraged the harmonization of standards across borders and this has led to the maintenance of common systems and structures that aim at providing the best results for nations and peoples in different parts of the world. Globalization has affected global business and global economy in several ways. In other words, globalization has changed the world from the previous Westphalian model where citizens and businesses from nations could not operate in other nations without strict restrictions and limitations. There have been several changes that globalization has created in the general sense as well as the macroeconomic and microeconomic levels. General Trends of Globalization that Affects Businesses The fact that globalization, powered by the United Nations was inspired by the need to protect human rights and the dignity of people has led to a high degree of social consciousness.

Unit 2 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit 2 Individual Project - Essay Example n influences others, is obeyed by, works hard in a crisis situation and has a clear idea of what the company wants to achieve and why it wants to achieve this. Leadership models that have been used for long include the four main categories: trait, behavioral, contingency and transformational. There is McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y, McGregor made two basic assumptions about employee behavior and categorized it as X and Y. Theory X workers are not hard-working and dislike work while Theory Y workers are the opposite. A research done at The Ohio State University states that successful leaders have two behavioral dimensions: initiating structure and consideration. The research at the University of Michigan is somewhat similar; they said that leaders are either employee oriented or production oriented. The Leadership Grid gives an idea of how the five types of leadership styles are segmented across two factors which is either concern for people or concern for production. The continuum of leadership describes two types of leadership: boss-centered and employee-centered. This model is on the basis of choices managers make regarding subordinated involvement in the decision making process. Whenever problems such as those faced by companies such as Enron, WorldCom, Tyco and ImClone are encountered most of the responsibility falls upon the CEO’s shoulders and she is the one who is held accountable. The CEO holds a lot of formal power through the virtue of his position; this power is measured by duality with the Chairman of the Board position. Informal power comes from the prestige factor of the job. The power of the CEO is more immediate than the Board, as the Board does not meet on a regular basis. Day to day handling of the company is done by the CEO. The Board elects the CEO and trusts him to carry out her job to the best of his abilities. The CEO has power to set the agenda and assemble the meetings for the board. The CEO is responsible for setting the aims and

A Green Environment for Now and the Future Essay Example for Free

A Green Environment for Now and the Future Essay In the past, the major need of people in this world was arable land. Man did not have to think about animate things. However, now the adverse effects on forests through over-population and the development of various chemical elements in the atmosphere have led to irregular rainfall and global warming. This global warming has brought changes in climate, including making perennial snow mountains melt, thereby adversely affecting not only human beings but also other living species. This dangerous situation is being taken very seriously by the world. In the past the perennial snow mountains of Tibet had very thick snow. Older people say that these mountains were covered with thick snow when they were young and that the snows are getting sparser which may be an indication of the end of the world. It is a fact that climate change is a slow process taking thousands of years to realize its effect. Living beings and plant life on this planet also undergo change accordingly. Mans physical structure too changes from generation to generation along with the change in climatic conditions. Because of the growth in the population, a large number of trees are cut for fuel, and to reclaim land for agricultural cultivation. In the case of Tibet, too, the Chinese have now destroyed its ancient trees in a similar way to shaving a mans hair off. This is not simply the destruction of trees but it also means harming what belongs to the Tibetans. Similarly, the continuing decline in forests in many parts of the world, including America, is adversely affecting the already changing global climate, thus upsetting the lives, not only of mankind, but also of all living beings. Similarly, the harmful effect on the atmosphere brought about by chemical emissions in industrialized countries is a very dangerous sign. Although this is a new thing for us Tibetans, the world is paying a lot of attention to this problem. It is the responsibility of us, who speak of the welfare of all sentient beings, to contribute towards this. Since I too have a responsibility in this matter, (i.e. to work for the protection of the environment and to see that the present and future  generations of mankind can make use of refreshing shade and fruits of trees), I bought these seeds of fruit-bearing trees with part of my Nobel Peace Prize money to be distributed now, to people representing different regions (all the continents of the world are represented here) during this Kalachakra gathering. These seeds have been kept near the Kalachakra mandala for purification and blessings. Since these include seeds of apricot, walnut, papaya, guava, etc., suitable for planting under varying geographical conditions, experts in respective places should be consulted on their planting and care and, thus, you all should see my sincere aspiration is fulfilled.

Retail Services Marketing Of Uniqlo In Hong Kong Marketing Essay

Retail Services Marketing Of Uniqlo In Hong Kong Marketing Essay Chapter 1. Introduction Many businesses exist and flourish because they are successful in satisfying a need in the market. These needs are determined by the consumers who are considered an important component of any business endeavour. The primary reason for a business existence is to continue identifying consumer needs and then come up with tangible responses to address these needs. This requirement makes business companies spend a considerable amount of effort and intellect in analysing the behaviour of the consumers in order to effectively formulate appropriate marketing strategies that would assist the firm in effective production and delivery. Smart, D. T., Martin, C. L. (1992) argued that the study of consumers makes companies and organisations recognise and internalise consumer issues that would help strengthen their marketing strategies. In this paper several issues are discussed pertaining to fashion and clothing products and services offered by UNIQLO in Hong Kong. UNIQLO Co., Ltd. was originated in Japan. The companys business line is about clothing and fashion. But basically, the company is one of the leading clothing and fashion business in Japan that design, manufacture and retail casual wears. Initially, UNIQLO Co., Ltd. was only a division of Fast Retailing Co., Ltd. but by November 1, 2005, UNIQLO Co., Ltd. come into the picture through corporate restructuring and currently existing as a 100% consolidated subsidiary of Fast Retailing. UNIQLO was now listed at the Tokyo Stock Exchange. In Japan, UNIQLO is the leading clothing retail chain in terms of both sales and profits. And as of 2010, the company are also operating in Hong Kong, China, United Kingdom, South Korea, France, Singapore and United States. UNIQLO formed the idea of blending of unique and clothing as an symbol of originality and uniqueness of the apparel industry in Japan. UNIQLO offers fashionable and high quality clothing at reasonable prices, and was seized as an opportunity to establish a brand position domestically and internationally, combining all the facets of the business from product design to final sales and the operation of the 790 stores around the globe. Primarily offing for a highly brand conscious consumer group, UNIQLO envisions itself as a leading global casual wear company targeting high sales and profitability growth. For UNIQLO, such aim could materialise based on the established strategies such as low cost management, cheapest manufacture and marketing schedules and prioritising customer requirements. Nowadays, UNIQLO is described as the apparel giant Gap, Inc.s counterpart based on the 4, 000% share price increase, making UNIQLO as Japans third largest clothing retailer. However, it is not always victory for UNIQLO; the subsidiary also has its own share of downturns especially on its international expansion. For instance, expansion programmes in the United Kingdom (UK) saw a tumultuous stumble in profits, forcing Fast Retailing to shut down 16 of the 21 UNIQLO stores opened, because of competition. Most recently, three UNIQLO stores in New Jersey were also closed because of economic slumps. Despite these facts, UNIQLO maintains the spirit and still believed that the brand has only but way forward. How UNIQLO will going to do such is central to this paper, focusing on the companys strategic management. External, industry and competitor analysis as well as the internal environment will be addressed. In fashion and clothing business in Hong Kong, the products and services offered by retailers that have strong brands are flourishing because they are easier to remember or they are already popular and are known for the quality. Companies like UNIQLO, HM, and Giordano are giving their best to build their brand name or brand identities because it helps consumers easily identify the product as well as acquire a rich set of symbols and meanings embodied by products. For successfully developed and managed brand names, the connections that patrons make with the brand name creates value, or brand equity, that can be a highly valued asset to the firm that develops the brand (Meyers-Levy, Louie, Curren, 1994). Chapter 2. Literature Review Environmental Analysis (PESTEL) Political Analysis In the context of UNOQLO, political factors have direct effect on business conducts and operations. Decisions made by the affects the decision-making of retailers and could come in the form of policy or legislation. In Hong Kong, the one country, two systems is the prevalent governance philosophy which endows the special administrative region with a high degree of autonomy and its capitalist economic system. Within a capitalistic and free market-oriented economy, retail companies make the majority of microeconomic decisions but they have to conform to specific agreements. Mainland and HK Closer Partnership Economic Arrangement (CEPA) and the US-China Textile Memorandum of Understanding are two examples of this. The former provides UNIQLO with a tariff-free treatment, stating that products which have no existing CEPA rules of origin will enjoy tariff-free treatment upon applications by local manufacturers. The latter could provide UNIQLO with an opportunity for an annual growth of 8-17% in 21 categories of Chinese textiles and clothing exports to the US. Labor and customary regulations as well as code of conducts are also complied into including China Social Compliance 9000 and US and EU quotas (RSCA 2006; Doshi 2006). Economic Analysis Domestically and globally, businesses are also being affected by economic factors whereby a strong economy indicates positive results and weak economy signifies the opposite, affecting both businesses and consumers. Hong Kongs gross domestic product is estimated at US$206.7bn with the service sector that contributes 90% of the total GDP. The region is also named as the worlds eleventh largest trading entity. Almost 50% of the total population is employed full-time and the unemployment rate has a continuous average decline by 4.1%, making disposition of income a possibility, a lower cost of living that is (Monthly Digest 2008). Spending is generally devoted for food, housing, healthcare, transportation, amusement, services and apparel. People nowadays are very particular with investing in quality clothing thereby resume spending with premium apparel finds (Doshi 2006). Realising this, the price and quality characteristics of UNIQLO has a strategic fit; UNIQLO makes people look fashionable and confident in world-class clothes at a reasonable price through the company-wide integration of the Specialty Store Retailer of Private Label Apparel (SPA) model, a low-cost but effective operation model. Social Analysis Demography or the population characteristics may determine buying patterns and that understanding demographic changes within a particular region or place facilitates determining whether products and services would appeal to customers as well as the number of potential customers (Barney and Hesterly 2006, p. 35). Hong Kong has a total of 6, 985, 300 population based on 2008 estimate and is continuously growing due to immigrant influx from Mainland. According to Doshi, people in HK and elsewhere have a growing interest in private labels. Consumers aspired for having private levels on everyday garments. Casual wear from HK which is known for good design and quality has a positive image on global consumers. Nevertheless, international brands are concentrated in high-end consumers while domestic brands are for low-end consumers (Doshi, 2006). In taking advantage of the wealth of the demography, UNIQLO makes effort on providing high-quality merchandise and generating value s to the society by taxes. Further, UNIQLO is a company that is committed in creating positive reputation as manifested in its vision and mission, styles of management, ways of doing business and requirements to employees. Technological Analysis Technological innovations are a priority for the apparel retailing industry but it will remain as labor intensive as it is today. Boosting the industrys productivity, increased in automation has been the recent trend but it is limited on specific functions, to which mostly require human intervention such as sewing and making patterns. Although there are computerised sewing machines that increase the productivity and reduce training time. Further, the uses of computer system software intended for the industry will be on making rough sketches, printing detailed designs and storing of information for easy retrieval. The customer orientation of UNIQLO was basically construed from its website in which customers can give feedbacks by email and discussion board. Hong Kong Productivity Council made a report disclosing that the apparel industry could make sense of information technology (IT) if utilise for order processing, costing analysis, order tracking, material ma nagement, reporting and connectivity (2004). Legal As with any other business industry of the world, there are rules and regulations that restrict or support the facilitation of the business in the clothing and fashion market in the areas where UNIQLO operates. Environmental There are currently no major environmental issues faced by the UNIQLO in Hong Kong, except for the ever-present textile and silk production issue which catch environmentalists attention die to the fact that some of its raw materials and from the skin of rare animals. Industry Analysis (Porters Five Forces) Threat of Entry Barney Hesterly (2006, p. 43) point out that new entrants are the firms which have either recently begun operations or those that threaten to begin operations within an industry soon. Notably, the apparel industry is a buyer-driven industry where producers are considering buyers decision-making especially when brand names enter the picture. These buyer-centric industries have low barriers to entry mainly because of intense competition. Utilising brands as a market power source; however, this is a challenge for every clothing company. In the clothing business, mass customisation has seen to be the most effective strategy. Putting strategises into action remains to be in resilience today (Culpan 2002). Therefore, the focus must be on minimising the costs without sacrificing quality and to do this, managerial know how is a must in order to understand interactions with suppliers and consumers, to facilitate creativity and innovation and to maintain mobility in adapting to new market demands (Kincade, Regan and Gibson 2007). Building brand awareness and consumer loyalty is a costly endeavor since it involves advertising needed not only to promote the brand but also on sustaining awareness and loyalty. Strengthening brand names also requires that there are quick response programs to increase revenues and manage risks. One of UNIQLOs major resources is its brand name, which is now synonymous with comfortable, high quality and cheap clothing merchandises. Although brand awareness outside the home country is a challenge, it is of intangible value to UNIQLO as a business asset. Brands are valuable and rare and reputable brands are acquired through the impressions one has of the company, and its products or services. Since a brand name is built overtime it becomes costly to imitate thereby providing a sustainable competitive advantage in the apparel industry (Groucutt, Lydley and Forsyth 2004, p. 285). Threat of Rivalry Either in home or host countries, apparels, accessories and merchandise will always have a competitor which usually fluctuates in size. The modern market trends for the apparel industry are globalisation and intensified competition, increasing price and lower profit margin pressures, small quantity with high complexity orders, shorter lead times, multiple location operation, changing customer requirements and liberalisation on textile and clothing quota that creates new market dynamics. Being responsive to these market trends shifts the focus of the apparel industry for more extensive product development and improvements at the least possible cost. Such condition forces companies to divert on product differentiation because of high switching cost. In an industry where products are deemed to be equal, the key sources of differentiation are brand image, reputation and prior existence (Byoungho 2004b). For UNIQLO, the products themselves are an important source of com petitive edge. UNIQLO strives at developing products of high quality, in various collections to enable the company to reach the highest possible number of customers. As such, the rivals would be endangered when it comes to introducing innovative products. UNIQLO is positioned in the fashion capitals of the world for the purpose of taking advantage of the new information about fashion trends. UNIQLOs ability to quickly adapt to trends and new markets has helped them develop product differentiation, something that is key to the companys success in the apparel industry. According to Tokle (1990), product differentiation is what separates the top competitors from the rest, but it something that is not costly to imitate. This is why their product differentiation is only a temporary competitive advantage. Competitive advantage could be achieved once the organisation learns to manage its capabilities that the end consumers could appreciate and competitors would find difficulties imitating (Porter 1985; Roney 2004). Threat of Substitutes Casual wear is very particular with loose-fit, comfortable and relaxed fit. Athletic or active wear was perceived to be the closest substitute to casual wear as manifested by the booming athletic wear industry. Typically worn as casual fashion clothing, active attires could provide deterrence in the industry. Moreover, the blurring demarcation on the casual clothing family could be also seen as an opportunity for substitutes. Specialised stores offer semi-casual, smart casual and business casual lines. Semi-casual clothes are less presentational than informal but are not as loose as casual dresses. Smart casual purports conservative looks but with harmony on colors, fabrics, shoes and accessories. Business casual, on the other hand, varies in definition but the common element is the collar. Realising this, the bottomline now is the price. Moreover, based on the SPA business model, all the necessary functions at UNIQLO falls under a single umbrella especially th e inbound logistics and the production. UNIQLO is an example of a cut-make-trim company in which in which the company purchase the fabric and retain ownership of the raw materials and work-in-process, and so making it hard for rivals to imitate or produce substitutes for UNQILO brands. Threat of Suppliers The prices and availability of commonly used fabrics such as cotton, blends, synthetics and wools might fluctuate significantly due to its dependence on demand, crop yields, weather, supply conditions, transportation costs, government regulations and economic condition among others (Byoungho 2004a). Quota is the major factor that affects the demand and supply of textile and fabrics. Even though the sale of raw materials is standardised, independent contractors, raw material suppliers, importers and apparel manufacturing firms could not isolate themselves from such scenario because of the prospective unsteadiness in the supply chain (Chetty 1999). As well, because of forward vertical integration, coupled with the low barrier to entry, suppliers could easily become rivals. In becoming threat of entry, suppliers could be also become a competitor to already established apparel manufacturers. In addition, contractors is also one of the threats when the demand of the l abor increases, it will cause labor costs price inflation. Laszlo (2008) stress that there are five main parts of the apparel value chain including raw material supply, provision of components; production networks; export channels and marketing networks at the retail level. Through the process, UNIQLO has an ownership on production and thereby a complete control on the supplies procurement. UNIQLO insources its production and handles the majority of the operational details. Sourcing is a go-to in the apparel industry but it is not rare although it can add value to UNIQLO. Threat of Buyers Reaching more and diverse consuming group, the apparel industry is both a stable and unstable industry. Stable because quality price and quality products are the main element and unstable because there are many factors that affect both price and quality. In the point of consumption, for instance, there are middle men such as the retail stores that offer an array of brands. In purchasing manufactured apparel, retail stores could have influence on making significant requirements and demands on their purchase, affecting prices. Though quality is inherent, prices would not be reasonable at all, and alternative clothing is readily available. This explains why apparel manufacturing companies are setting up their own stand along stores which will cater to their own produce. Important is that apparel stores must not fall dependent on s specific class of customer. Buyers are increasingly appearing to prefer above standard apparel with a much lower cost, making apparel less d ifferentiated. When selling directly to consumers, buyers would incur a significant portion of their dispensable cash. Same goes with retail store, they purchase apparel at the least possible final cost, but adds up to prices of apparel. UNIQLO is involve in selling to the customers through specialty store marketing, with a minimalist strategy of pile em high, sell em cheap concept that is. In addition, the unbranded fashion or the no-logo concept was perceived to be the main reasons for peoples warm attention (Williamson 2007; Parrish, Cassill and Oxenham 2006). Competitors Analysis Local Competitor: Giordano According to companys website, Giordano was established in 1981 as one of the most well-known and established apparel retailers in the Asia Pacific region. The company employs 11,000 staff with over 1,700 shops operating in 30 territories worldwide. The companys vision aimed to be the best and the biggest world brand in apparel retailing with a remarkable mission i.e. To make people feel good look great. From the companys website, they are stating that Giordano is committed to being a successful and responsible corporate citizen. Meaning, they are committed not only to delivering quality products and service to their customers and strong and sustained financial performance to their shareholders, but that are also committed in creating a positive impact in the communities where they do business. The current CEO since 1996 is Peter Lau, a Canadian Chinese. Basically, Giordano is based in Bermuda and trades on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange as 709.HK. Giordano concentrates in creating and delivering economic quality clothes such as Long Sleeve Shirts, T-Shirts, and denim jeans. On the other hand, Giordano Ladies, a sub-brand was only established in 1996. It has been instrumental to upgrading the unisex brand from a budget image to a more fashion oriented apparel retailer similar to The Gap. International Competitor: HM It is now a widely held view that the world economy has entered a much more complex phase where individual national economies have become inextricably linked. In this new world economy, resources and markets have ceased to have the indelible national identity of the past (Jones, 2002). Restricted resources and markets that were once legally isolated have become much more accessible to enterprises that have acquired a global strategic vision. To the more visionary global enterprises, the world is but a borderless environment with homogeneous consumers who have developed an unforgiving taste for the most sophisticated and high-quality products. In response to the needs of these global consumers, the enterprises have developed global products. How such homogenised consumers are served, however, is a question of the strategic orientation of the enterprises and their ability to exploit the ever-evolving global economic environment (Jones, 2002). With this regard, HM, a company in Sweden e ngaged in clothing and a leader in fashion business shows significant impact to their consumers in accordance to their brand and branding strategies. HM is considered as one of the worlds favourite and preferred designer of apparels and clothing for man and women. In addition, HM is also known not only for their fashion cosmetic but because of the quality of the clothes designed durability and the funkiness of its clothes. Through the online stores, HM provides the US, UK and European Market exclusive clothing designs. The main goal of this company is to provide innovative designs of apparels and clothes for different types of people in different countries all over the world. The company has been known because of its strategy of providing clothing designs exclusively for each countrys preferences and needs. HM is considered as one of the worlds favourite and preferred designer of apparels and clothing for man and women. In addition, HM is also known not only for their fashion but because of the quality of the clothes designed durability and the funkiness of its clothes (HM, 2009). The HM mission, Fashion and Quality at its best price. In addition, their handbags, shoes and accessories are also creating big sales and positive reactions from consumers. Through the online stores, HM provides the US, UK European Market and Asian Market exclusive clothing and even handbag designs. HM also offers perfumes and watches. The main aim of this company is to provide fast fashion goods (haute couture, ready-to-wear, handbags, perfumery, and cosmetics among others) in different countries all over the world (HM, 2009). The company has been known because of its strategy of providing fashion designs exclusively for each countrys preferences and needs which was positively accepted and loved by consumers. CPM Matrix Table 1. CPM Matrix UNIQLO Giordano HM Critical Success Factors Weight Rating Weighted Score Rating Weighted Score Rating Weighted Score Advertising 0.20 4 0.80 5 1.00 4 0.80 Product Quality 0.15 4 0.60 4 0.60 4 0.60 Price Competitiveness 0.10 4 0.40 3 0.30 4 0.40 Management 0.10 4 0.40 3 0.30 4 0.40 Financial Position 0.15 4 0.60 3 0.45 3 0.45 Customer Loyalty 0.10 4 0.40 3 0.30 3 0.30 Global Expansion 0.15 3 0.45 4 0.60 4 0.60 Market Share 0.05 3 0.15 3 0.15 3 0.15 Total 1.00 3.80 3.70 3.70 With regards to the discussion of the local and international competitors of UNIQLO, the CPM matrix describes the edge of UNIQLO over Giordano and HM. As seen in the critical success factor, UNIQLO dominates the Product Quality, Price Competitiveness, Management, Financial Position and Customer Loyalty. Despite of this, it seems that UNIQLO was lacking in advertising which was dominated by Giordano. In addition, UNIQLO also needs to consider their efforts in global expansion and market share in order to become successful in Hong Kong. Extended Marketing Mix 8Ps of Services Marketing Furthermore, since the UNIQLO as a brand concept be similar to or is associated with service stipulation, the 8Ps method adopted for service marketing may be competently espoused for its advertising. The 8Ps are: Product This refers to the stuff or services to be offered by the company. In the case of UNIQLO, their products and services are mostly related to clothing and fashion, thus the need for constant review should be bear in mind in order to meet the changing customer expectations. Place In UNIQLO, the place in which this product was manufactured and distributed was somewhat accessible to both suppliers and customers. Actually, UNIQLO are considering the issue regarding product availabily at the most convenient places for the target market, i.e., current and prospective clients. Price In terms of price, UNIQLO produce were priced competitively. Promotion UNIQLOs most effective ways to communicate to the various target groups to stimulate greater awareness, interest and patronage are somewhat good but not exceptional. UNIQLO are now using TV advertisement, Internet marketing, and billboard advertising. Physical Evidence In terms of presentation, UNIQLOs products are exceptional. In addition to these, the services offered by the company were also outstanding. As seen in their shops UNIQLO are known with their well-dressed staff/consultants, logos on office doors/ business cetres, letter heads, brochures, complimentary cards, consultancy reports, etc. Process With regrds to the process, the business of UNIQLO are well management in which makes their business system flawless and customer complaints are easily handled. People When it comes to people, UNIQLO chooses the best suitable person needed by the company. This means that UNIQLO expertly indentify the capabilities of a person that will reflect the value of UNIQLO products and services. Promise UNIQLO with their consultants are delivering their promises. In terms of quality of products and services, UNIQLO are giving it to their customers at utmost quality. Public Relations UNIQLO stakeholders carefully identify the various publics that can impact on UNIQLO to which PR communications can be directed. Such publics include individual consultants, clients, big practices, small practices, other related professional associations, relevant agencies of the United Nations, financial institutions, etc. Developing the Concept of Servicescape and Blueprinting Servicescape- Servicescape is a concept that was developed by Booms and Bitner to emphasize the impact of the physical environment in which a service process takes place. If you were to try to describe the differences a customer encountered when entering a branch of say like McDonalds compared with a small family restaurant, the concept of servicescapes may prove useful. Booms and Bitner defined a servicescape as the environment in which the service is assembled and in which the seller and customer interact, combined with tangible commodities that facilitate performance or communication of the service (Booms and Bitner, 1981, p. 36). Servicescape may be likened to landscape. It includes facilities exterior (landscape, exterior design, signage, parking, surrounding environment) and facilities interior (interior design decor, equipment, signage, layout, air quality, temperature and ambiance). Servicescape along with other tangibles like business cards, stationary, billing statements, reports, employee dress, uniforms, brochures, web pages and virtual servicescape forms the Physical Evidence in marketing of services. Servicescape is not defined as above. The definition above is the definition for physical evidence. Physical evidence consist of servicescape combined with the tangible elements, so servicescape is a part of physical evidence. Blueprinting Service blueprinting was initially introduced as a process control technique for services that offered several advantages: it was more precise than verbal definitions; it could help solve problems preemptively; and it was able to identify failure points in a service operation.24 Just as firms have evolved to become more customer-focused, so has service blueprinting. One early adaptation was the clarification of service blueprinting as a process for plotting the customer process against organizational structure.25 Service blueprinting was further developed to distinguish between onstage and backstage activities. These key components still form the basis of the technique and its most important feature, that of illuminating the customers role in the service process. 26 In addition, it provides an overview so that employees and internal units can relate what they do to the entire, integrated service system. Blueprints also help to reinforce a customer-orientation among employees as well as clarify interfaces across departmental lines. Chapter 3. Research Methodology The aim of the study is to once again, seek the various sides of economic impact in London after winning the title to be the host of the 2012 summer Olympics. It is a big challenge for the hosting country to facilitate a mega event and the industry that is in the center of the issue is the tourism. The continuous development of an industry is possible if there are factors that can affect its growth. In the existence of the Olympic event in London, there should be an appropriate investigation that might lead in determining the economic impact of Summer Olympics. Along with the complexities defined in the countries of UK, London remains the center of attention because of the opportunity in hosting the prestigious Olympic Games. After the years of 1908 and 1948 in hosting the previous Olympics, London finally acquired the honor in hosting the mega event. Obviously, years can be evidence the world is changing and with that, London must be prepared on the various effects resulting to the Olympic Games. With the help of the appropriate method, the study can gain the chance in meeting the objectives and goals. Research Methods to be Used Since the study is concern regarding the empirical ground and current situations of Londons preparedness in the upcoming Olympics, the proposed primary method is through the use of surveys and interview. There are many types of primary research available based on the purpose of the researcher/s. The design of the method can create the accurate result and overview on the concern of the study. It is expected that survey methods are more efficient in terms of gathering the primary data therefore; it is utilized in the study. Through the form of questioning the people or groups, the study can gain the limited amount of information which is also useful in understanding the subjects point-of-views. On the other hand, the use of interview helps the research in providing the ideas of a small group similar to gathering their opinions. After the essential data had been collected, the information was analyzed and organized according to a comprehensive fashion. Subjects The survey data was taken in the participation of 200 district residents who are deemed to be affected by the Olympic event. The responses of the participants are gathered and then, analyzed based on the five-point Likert scale. On the second phase of the method, an interview was conducted in among the five respondents in order to achieve the qualitative dimension alongside the gathered statistic data. The respondents of the interview includes the officials in London as well as the businessmen that took participation in the pre-Olympics, during Olympics, and post-Olympics. Sampling Design It is impractical for the study to conduct a survey in the entire population within the community