Literacy for Adolescence Education Essay

The past couple of years have seen a much more focused and concerned behavior towards the curriculum followed by the students and this has gained momentum in the last two decades where the standard movements made the education planners and developers to go over and pay further attention as to what they are teaching their students. The behavior also came into existence after the gap between the educational standards of the foreign students and the American students was perceived as getting wider. This created a wave of panic in the educators who began to fear that their own students are lacking behind in their work and educational standards which is going to have a deep and long lasting effect on the American country. As arts is also an educational field it also came under this movement and so the arts schools are also now competing for existence and focusing deeply on their curriculum. The importance of arts cannot be denied by anyone as it plays a vital role in the student’s life and without it the students are denied the importance of visualizing whatever they are studying in their text books. The knowledge containing in the books are very important for a student to get the concept but without actually visualizing what is written in the text books that knowledge is not worth anything. The art becomes a medium for the students to understand and to see what they are studying without which they would have the knowledge of the books but won’t have any clue as to why or what that knowledge is referring to e. g. take an atom for example. A student can be taught the basic definition, importance, function and parts etc of these basic building blocks but the students wouldn’t be able to grasp the full concept behind an atom without seeing a picture of it and visualizing it. And this is where the study of arts comes in and develops the educational skills of the students. Art helps in exposing the students in encouraging their skills which can be gained through various forms of arts like drama, music, visual paintings etc. The school programs require both kinds of art forms and because of this varying schools promote and focus on it in different ways. This article makes an interesting and intelligent point that the teachers, rather than just focusing on making the students learn their course books, should encourage and help the students in developing their skills on their own. The teachers should focus that their role is not only to help the students to learn but also to make them see the actual hidden meaning behind the words and various subjects. For this arts has to be inculcated into the students so that they can focus on their true potentials. Not only the teachers but the parents and the education providers should encourage them to take maximum benefit from the field of arts as they can. But all the good things have a price to them and similarly the institutions should take the cost into account and make proper financial plans so as to increase and promote the use of art studies as much as they can. Through proper planning and focusing on the importance the education providers would be giving the students maximum opportunity to develop their skills. Bibliography High School Journal. (2008). Enhancing student learning through arts integration: implications for the profession. Retrieved February 12, 2009 from

Principles of managing information and producing documents Essay

Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Please note that this Assessment document has 5 pages and is made up of 4 Sections. Name: Sylvia Pratt Section 1 – Understand the purpose of information technology in a business environment 1. In relation to your current business environment (or one that you are familiar with), identify at least two different types of information technology that may be used when completing work tasks. The two different information technologies used are: 1. Spreadsheet 2. Word Processing 2. What are the benefits to businesses (and others) of using information technology for doing work tasks? Spreadsheet provides accurate calculation Section 2 – Understand how to manage electronic and paper-based information 1. Explain the purpose of agreeing objectives and deadlines when researching information. If possible, refer to specific examples from research tasks you have worked on to support your answer. 2. Identify the different ways of researching, organising and reporting information. 3a) For your own organisation (or one you know well), describe the procedures that need to be followed when archiving, retrieving and deleting information. Your answer should cover procedures for both electronic and paper-based information. 3b) When following the procedures outlined in Question 3a above, are there any legal requirements to consider? 4. Why is confidentiality critical when managing information? Section 3 – Understand the purpose of producing documents that are fit for purpose 1. Identify at least two reasons for producing documents that are fit for purpose. 2. Use the table below to describe some of the different types and styles of documents that are produced in a business environment, and then explain when these different options may be used. Documents When they are used Section 4 – Know the procedures to be followed when producing documents 1. In most organisations, time is taken to agree the purpose, content, layout, quality standards and deadlines for the production of documents. What are the reasons for doing this level of planning? 2. Businesses will spend time checking finished documents for accuracy and correctness. a) How is this done? b) Why is this done? 3. Explain the purpose of following confidentiality and data protection procedures when preparing documents. 4. In business environments, there is often a requirement to use notes as the basis for text and documents. a) Compare the different types of documents that can be produced from notes and include a description of the format of each document. b) Explain the procedures to be followed when preparing text from notes. Once you have completed all 4 Sections of this Assessment, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your work to your tutor for marking.

Gunns Case Study

The PESTEL framework below analyses the environment in which Gunns Ltd. operates by identifying the forces that have the most impact on Gunns performance: Political factors: The Commonwealth and state government environmental support for the pulp mill project had been achieved in 2007, despite bitter public opposition.This is a very strong support from the Government in order to utilize Australia’s expanded forest resource, as there is a significant increase in hardwood pulpwood availability projected and Australia’s hardwood pulpwood currently processed onshore less than 7%. â€Å"Plantation 2020†, a partnership between the Governments of Australia, was established in 1997, although its Vision 2020 had been established as part of the National Forest Policy Statement in 1992.Vision 2020 aimed to treble the area of tree crops by 2020. The Government also expected continued economic growth, especially in Asia-Pacific region. It is also recommended that Vision 2020 might maximize potential economic and environmental benefits of plantations through market development that would attract more private investment The Australian Government recognized that its proposed Emissions Trading Scheme could lead to a loss of competitiveness for trade-exposed firms.In response, in late 2009, the Australian Government committed $19 million to address four areas of importance to the industry (Creation of ForestWorks as the Forest Industry Skills Council, Development of a forest industry database, addressing climate change impacts on forestry, Assisting industry value-adding) Economic factors: Since ANZ had withdrawn funding in May 2008, under public pressure, and the Global Financial Crisis had made investment funds even more difficult to access. In 2008 and 2009, many projects for new capacity were either cancelled or put on hold due to financing difficulties.Since 1997 more than 0. 5 million hectares of new MIS plantations had been established. Plantations ha d largely been established with private capital through managed investment schemes (MIS) encouraged by favorable tax treatment. Whereby investors paid tax on returns when timber was sold and the MIS paid tax on scheme profits. This allows deductions for investments upfront while deferring tax. Australia had developed an Australian Forestry Standard (AFS) to provide consumers with an independent assessment of claims about the sustainability of forest management in Australia.However, there was a strong pressure to adopt AFS as it was more relaxed about the logging of native forests, which was generally not permitted under the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Social factors: The Australian industry had employed over 19000 people in predominantly rural and regional communities, mainly working for seven major domestic and international companies. It was an important customer for the domestic forestry industry. Environmental factors:While the Australian industry had historically been char acterized by ageing equipment and lower than world average capacities, capital investment and product development had enabled productivity gains that supported ongoing competitiveness and a reduction in the industry’s environmental footprint such as: * Greenhouse gas emissions and energy intensity had improved by 22% and 28% respectively since 1990, just under 30% of energy consumption derived from renewable sources * Environmental regulation and market demand for chlorine-free products had driven the industry to find alternatives to chlorine as a bleaching agent such as elemental chlorine-free and totally chlorine-free pulp. The quantity of water used per unit of output in the worldwide pulp and paper industry had nearly halved from that used in 1990, but the Australian industry savings were even greater * The maximum speed of most paper machines was estimated at 2000 meters per minute in 2005, compared with only 1600 meters per minute in 1995 Legal factors: Plantation fores try was one of the most highly regulated rural industries in Australia. All states and territory governments had codes of practice and/or guidelines for plantation management that conformed to the principles of sustainable development and took into account key regional characteristics such as cultural heritage and specific environmental impacts. ( 8 Federal Acts).These factors will create a safe protection and assistance for Gunns Ltd with its projects * Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conversation Act 1999 * Export Control Act 1982 * Native Title Act 1993 * Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 * Conservation, Forests and Lands Act 1987 (for Victoria_ * Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1999 (for Victoria) Competitors’ analysis It is suggested that Gunns includes very high pulp and paper production and processing costs relative to other international countries such as Brazil and China, which means that the company is unable to compete effectively and sustainably in t hese markets (Samuel, 2010).China and Brazil are two emerging countries that are low cost production company. They are heavily subsidized, with access to much better and innovative technologies. In addition, their pulp and paper industries are heavily subsidized, they have different approaches to taxation and are subject to less onerous environmental regulations (Samuel, 2010). Especially, China has recently been rapidly becoming the largest global tissue manufacturer and consumer. They also had plans to install over 20 million tonnes of highly modern, efficient processing capacity to around 60 million tonnes per year and become the lowest cost producer which putting much more pressure on Gunns Ltd. Samuel, D. (2010).Case 1: Gunns and the Australian Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Industry. Final Recommendation After considering all alternatives, it is recommended that Gunns Ltd should undertake a joint venture with a company specializing in low-cost pulp and paper production. Although this is the most costly and time-consuming alternative since it requires intense negotiations between both parties as well as the divestment of Gunns’ non-core assets in order to become attractive, it will greatly assist the company in growing, funding its Bell Bay pulpwood mill and ensuring the successful operation of this project (Business Link, 2011; Gale, 2011; Morningstar, 2011g).In addition, the joint venture recommendation will provide Gunns with the significantly great benefits and synergies as it will allow the company to gain sustainable competitive advantage by growing faster, generating greater earnings and having greater access to the other company’s resources and established markets and distribution channels (Business Link, 2011). Extra notes on Internal Analysis part: Gunns’ core competencies are in forestry establishment and management, plantation management and downstream timber processing and sale (Gunns, 2011b; Lonsec, 2009). After conducting a SWOT analysis of Gunns, it was found that their main strength was having a highly diversified and vertically integrated corporate structure (Gunns, 2011b; Lonsec, 2009). This corporate structure is very robust and allows the company to have greater capacity in controlling access to inputs along with controlling the cost, quality and delivery time of those inputs (The Economist, 2011).As a result of its highly diversified and robust corporate structure, Gunns is able to earn much greater revenue from their diverse business activities in comparison to their competitors (Lonsec, 2009). Extra notes on Strategic Alternatives: Alternatively, Gunns should demerge their non-core businesses of providing finance, road maintenance and construction, winery management and marketing services (Yahoo Finance, 2011). The proceeds from the demerger should help reduce the company’s debt levels and allow the company to better focus on strengthening their core competencies and pursuing growth opportunities in order to gain sustainable competitive advantage (Investopedia, 2010).The demerger is also likely to have a positive impact on Gunns’ low share price (Chappell, 2011; Investopedia, 2010). References Business Link (2011). Benefits of Joint Ventures. Retrieved October 11, 2011 from http://www. businesslink. gov. uk/bdotg/action/layer? r. i=1075411648&r. l1 =1074404796&r. l2=1074404799&r. l3=1073864682&r. s=sc&r. t=RESOURCES&topicId=1073864682 Chappell, T. (2011). Foster’s Demerger Lifts Takeover Chance. Retrieved October 10, 2011 from http://news. smh. com. au/breaking-news-business/fosters-demerger-lifts-takeover-chance-20110317-1byf1. html Gale, F. (2011). Gunns Heading for its Tasmanian Endgame. Retrieved October 11, 2011 from http://theconversation. edu. u/gunns-heading-for-its-tasmanian-endgame-3241 Gunns (2011b). Our Businesses. Retrieved October 7, 2011 from http://www. gunns. com. au/ Investopedia (2011). Debt-to-Equity Ratio. Retrieved September 30, 2011 from http://www. investopedia. com/terms/d/debtequityratio. asp#axzz1ZPjpPQif Morningstar (2011g). Stock Research: Gunns Ltd. Retrieved October 11, 2011 from http://www. morningstar. com. au/Stocks/Research/20110601/GNS The Economist (2011). Vertical Integration. Retrieved October 9, 2011 from http://www. economist. com/node/13396061 Yahoo Finance (2011). Gunns Ltd Profile. Retrieved October 10, 2011 from http://au. finance. yahoo. com/q/pr? s=GNS. AX

Mormon Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mormon Church - Essay Example In the 1800’s a man named Joseph Smith was told to dig up these records and to translate them. That is where the Book of Mormon comes from. The Mormon Church is becoming a powerful church all over the world. They actively try to get people to visit their church and to join. There are missionaries all over the world doing this right now. Mitt Romney is trying to get elected as the President of the United States. This has raised interest in the Mormon Church because Mitt Romney is a Mormon. Attending two services of the Mormon Church seemed like the best way to learn about this culture and to understand how Mormons think and view the world. Setting Both of my meetings were held on a Sunday morning. The meetings were actually arranged into a three-hour block of time. The first meeting is referred to as Sacrament Meeting, the second hour is devoted to Sunday School, and the third meeting for men is called Priesthood Meeting while women attend Relief Society. The Chapel was a large , spacious building that was clean and tidy. There was very little ornamentation in the chapel. Typical symbols of Christianity such as a crucifix or statues of Jesus were conspicuously absent from the sanctuary. The building had a very utilitarian feel to it. The sanctuary was no more ornate than the simple classrooms that lined the halls. There were nicely framed paintings on the walls. I was unfamiliar with most of the themes and There was a children’s area and a space referred to as the Cultural Hall that included a basketball court and a stage. The meetings began at 9:00 AM and ended at 12:00 PM. There was a 5-10 minute break that appeared to exist mainly for socializing between each class period. Everything about the setting suggested order and efficiency, from the way the building was constructed and designed, to the way the various meetings were conducted. Participants The people in the congregation were mainly Caucasians. There were a few individuals that appeared to be of Latino descent and only one African American. There were approximately 220 participants in the Sacrament Meeting portion of the worship service. The group that seemed to most dominate the demographics of the congregation was families with children. There were many families with at least three small children and several that appeared to have more than five. Families appeared to sit together for most of the Sacrament Meeting time. There were some elderly women, but only one elderly man was in the congregation. Ethnically and demographically, the congregation was very homogenous. Sacrament Meeting The first meeting of the block each week is Sacrament Meeting. This is the most sacred service for Mormons because they pass bread and water to remember that Jesus died for their sins by giving his body and his blood. The blood is represented by water. The body is represented by bread. The meeting begins with a greeting by a man with the title of Bishop. He is the local leader of the c ongregation. He started the meeting by announcing changes in the Ward staffing assignments. A Ward is a geographic references to the area assigned to a particular congregation. In the Mormon Church, you are encouraged to attend the Ward that your town or community has been assigned to. Church staffing is all voluntary. The Bishop, the teachers and other participants receive no money for their time and efforts so there is no paid clergy in the Mormon Church. The Bishop

Film Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Film - Assignment Example This movie will definitely be an extremely valuable content for inclusion in our course and it will immensely benefit the students in the understanding and adopting measures to combat the problem. Engaging the students with assignments based on the series will help them further in appreciating the complexities. This can prompt them to work on creating awareness about the problem in their families as well as communities and such measures can go a long way in preparing the society in a better way to encounter the issue. The Bogalusa Heart Study, touted as the first of its kind that autopsied children to find â€Å"evidence of heart disease,† confirms that 20% of them had fat deposits and also manifested high blood pressure and cholesterol level (Chaykin 2012). This also is the first scientific evidence that fat deposits â€Å"involved in heart disease† can be present in children (Chaykin 2012). The most unique fact is that it continued for over 40 years, following more than â€Å"16000 children† into their adulthood (Chaykin 2012). The study has further established that about 77 percent of the participants in the research are found to be obese as adults. Besides, it reveals that over 50% of Bogalusa children are obese, which is a matter of significant worry. Overall, this research has been the only one of its kind and can set an example for and guide future studies on obesity as well as other diseases. When the weight of a person increases, body fat accumulates around the middle and, as a result, changes occur in blood pressure and cholesterol levels. However, these changes may not be easily discernible for a person to understand it in the normal course. However, unattended, the problems may end up in cardio-vascular diseases and may cause death. More importantly, for the first time, the Bogalusa research shows that

Statistical genetics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Statistical genetics - Term Paper Example Genetic association assists in finding out if a trait associates with a genetic variation. Statistical exploration of the responsible factors helps to accomplish the objectives. Ideally, genetic linkage is a characteristic of proximal location of genes on a chromosome to cause group inheritance. There is a less likelihood of separation of genes located together. Scientists use linkage maps to determine the position of genetic markers or genes relative to one another. Newton Morton developed a statistical test, LOD score useful in linkage analysis. LOD scores relate the likelihood of finding test data in case there is a linkage in the loci (Posthuma 175). Linkage analysis falls into two groups namely parametric and non-parametric. Parametric analysis adopts that models unfolding the maker and trait loci are well known without any error while the nonparametric analysis makes diminutive axioms regarding the trait model or simply put, it ponders all pedigree information. Linkage disequilibrium is used to describe DNA recombination. Generally, linkage concerns the physical segments of the genome that gives characteristics to a given trait. Various statistical methodologies have been useful in detecting genetic variation and analyzing genotype data. In the recent years, scientists have come up with high quantity genotyping technologies that are cost-effective and assist in understanding the genetic basis of phenotypes of interest. The presence of many SNPs has facilitated the success of statistical genetic studies. The first step in gene mapping used to be linkage analysis (Lin & Hongyu 103). SNPs that have close relationship as far as proximity is concerned can easily co-segregate as a result of linkage disequilibrium. Association mapping is based on theoretical allelic association, which has been more apparent in recent years. The two main approaches that scientists use to map genetic loci are association and linkage analyses. Factors that are

Select writter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Select writter - Assignment Example This paper is narrowing the hospitality industry to discuss the hotel industry alone (hostels, hotels and resorts). In addition, this paper will discuss whether the hotel industry is perfectly competitive or not. The hotel industry is very competitive with lots of giant hotel companies in the market (Enz, 65). These hotels and resorts have huge finances thus give each other high and on toes competition. Huge finances ensures the hotels offer the best packages, best food variety and standards, best facilities with additionalinfrastructures like gyms, spas, Jacuzzi, internet, cableTV, Wi-Fi , salons and barber shops and many more . This industry no few firms can claim dominance because they are each giants in their own ways.Althoughin 2014, a list of the best hotels in the world included a few like the Hilton hotels, Fairmonthotels, the Four Season hotels, intercontinental hotels and the Grand Regency. A typical hotel business includes a building with a part set for the restaurant where clients can eat and drink. It may also contain a small side bar where smokers and alcoholic drinks are served where only adults are allowed entry. A typical hotel can also have rooms where clients can book to spend the nights. Other facilities like a telephone booth and ATM machines can be included. The management includes a manager, supervisors, waiters, cooks and cleaners(Barrows, Clayton & Thomas, 109). Also a person handling finances may be included. The hotel market is open to all thus serves a large number of consumer. In fact hotels are the most used services after transport and fashion because people have to eat daily and event take place daily. This is because due to the harsh competition every hotel has to package its services at a cost friendly price in order of the target market. This means everybody has his or her standard where they can find cost and quality attractive at the same time. According toHarris et al, hotels make an average of 4410 pounds

An Analysis of the Benefits and Historical Development of Theatre in Essay

An Analysis of the Benefits and Historical Development of Theatre in Education - Essay Example The changes that have occurred within education and theatre are now able to benefit students in developing the craft of theatre more than past techniques, specifically because of the development into new and experimental approaches. The purpose of theatre in education from a historical context was to develop the craft of acting for students interested in performing literary works. However, newer models of theatre in education have created an alternative approach to understanding why theatre is used in schools. The curriculum and the main goals have changed the way that theatre is approached as well as what is used within the classroom for students. The concept of expression is now not only used for the study of acting and literature, but is also used for social and psychological development. When certain plays are interacted by students they have the ability to understand and interact with the information that is linked to this. The first objective that is achieved is instructional, which relates to the classroom teaching and the cognitive process used. The second objective is related to the expressions used. The educational level that is used within this is created specifically for an understanding of social a nd cultural issues that are prevalent in society and which need to be looked into (Jackson, 256). The development of theatre in education is not only important with the implementation and understanding of different cognitive processes. It is also essential because of the extra skills that it provides children with as they are moving through different development stages. Theatre for children that is developed in the correct manner can help with social skills and the ability to work within teams, specifically because of the way that different scripts are developed. More importantly, the use of different scripts can help with the development of communication and confidence. For all areas of academia as well as with

Mac vs. PC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mac vs. PC - Essay Example Because of the two different models of manufacture, each type of computer, Macintosh and PC, has its strengths and weaknesses. Since Apple controls every level of the manufacture of Macs, one of the positives of the platform is that there is a high level of quality control. Also, since Apple designs the hardware to run their software exclusively, the Mac operating system is very stable. Because PC manufacturers are unsure what operating system (OS) their user will purchase, they are unable to design a system solely for a single OS. The result is that, whatever OS the user chooses for their PC, it will likely not be as stable as the Mac OS. Also, since PC manufacturers source their hardware from other suppliers whom they do not control, the level of quality is not always as high as a Mac. One of the drawbacks to Apple’s level of control is that they employ many proprietary technologies. These technologies often require the user to purchase specialty products from Apple in order to perform tasks that PCs can accomplish with generic products. One example of this situation is in the way Macs and PCs connect to external displays. PCs, because they are produced by so many different manufacturers, rely upon international standards for technologies. For external displays, PCs typically use HDMI connections. Apple, however, does not follow the international standards. In order for a Mac user to connect to an external display, he must purchase a special cable available only from Apple instead of a standard HDMI cable. The result is that the Mac user must spend more money to accomplish a task because the proprietary technology is more expensive than the standard technology. Another drawback to Apple’s approach is that the level of customizability of the Mac is generally much lower than that of a PC. A Macintosh computer typically comes from the factory with nearly maximum performance. Apple provides very little

Certain chemicals Essay Example for Free

Certain chemicals Essay If the process of plate tectonics were to completely stop then the ability of the Earth to create mountains through the collisions of two different plates would stop as well. This would mean that erosion would eventually abrade these mountains and the amount of sediment created by this activity would eventually reach the numerous oceans and seas. The end result would be a rise in sea level that would eventually swallow up the entire land mass of the Earth and sort of global ocean would be created as a result (Life in the universe 2001). This would of course mean the extinction of all the land based species on the surface of the planet. B. ) Weathering helps initiate the erosion of rocks, topsoil or other exposed surfaces of the Earth through either changes in the climate or weather conditions while erosion on the other hands deals in the transport of small rocky material after weathering has broken it down (Boardsman 2002). These two processes help to release valuable minerals in the soil which can be carried off to the sea to nourish it or to create land suitable for plant life (Boardsman 2002). Not only that but it is these two processes that help to regulate the landmass on the planet brought about by plate tectonics which creates new land masse. If erosions and weathering stopped the seas and oceans would not be able to get the valuable nutrients they need to support life and the surface of the Earth would be filled with massive mountains that would make it hard to live on. 2. Evaluate the following statements: A. We should not get worried about exposure to toxic chemicals because almost any chemical at a high dosage can cause harm. This statement is false. Certain chemicals at even low dosages can be fatal to human beings. For example if ingested even in tiny drops arsenic is fatal to most people and can cause an extremely painful death within hours (Gilbere 2008). Another example is sulfuric acid which can kill a person if splashed on the wrong area of the body. There is actually a wide variety of chemicals in the world today that dont rely on volume to kill as such a person should take caution when they handle, are near to or have been splashed by any sort of chemical (Gilbere 2008). B. We should not worry about exposure to UV light and toxic chemicals because though genetic adaptation, we can develop immunity to such chemicals/UV light. Genetic adaptation takes millions of years to accomplish as such overexposure today for a person without proper protection can lead to skin cancer, a variety of skin diseases, a bad sunburn, heat stroke or a variety of other maladies that affect a persons health (Guhl 2005). As such the present generation or even the next 10 generations would not be able to benefit from any developments in genetic adaptation due to the time evolve. Due to this people should be wary of their exposure to UV light and must take precautions in order not develop any skin related problems. C. We should not worry about exposure to toxic chemicals because we can use genetic engineering to reduce our susceptibility to the effects of toxic chemicals. Genetic engineering can only do so much when it comes to developing resistance to certain types of chemicals. Not only that since the process would take an incredibly long period of time due to the current level of technology but the present generation or even the one after that would not be able to benefit from it. Genetic engineering can only do so much to build up a natural resistance to an artificial substance for example strong acids can even melt rock imagine what it could do to flesh no matter how genetically improved it may be. Artificial substances and natural substances by their very nature are polar opposites as such there will always be an artificial substance that can harm a natural one no matter the level of improvement it has undergone (Gilbere 2008). Part 2: 1. Which is a better choice at the grocery store: paper bag? Plastic bag? Or tissue bag? Explain your answer None of the choices given are better choices. Paper, plastic or even tissue bags still represent the use of materials that will eventually fill up landfills and cause pollution. Paper bags are sources from trees as such their use and production means that trees which could have absorbed the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere or provided support for loose top soil to prevent landslides are instead used to hold groceries. Not only that but paper bags are easily destroyed through either physical force or liquid substances. As such their reusability is rather unreliable under the best of circumstances. One recurring myth is that recycled paper bags actually help the environment unfortunately this is not true as it may seem. The trucks used to transport paper to the recycling centers, the chemicals used to remove the respective dyes from the paper as well as to sanitize it combined with the process of boiling, processing and drying actually uses up more resources and leaves a larger carbon and chemical footprint than processing an average tree into paper. Plastic bags on the other hand are more durable than paper bags and are easily reused for other purposes such as trash bags, holders or covers unfortunately though in the end they are still thrown away and unlike their paper counterparts do not break down in the environment as easily and when it comes to recycling also uses up more resources to produce than the average plastic bag. Tissue bags on the other hand are just as easily destroyed as paper bags and are just as expensive to recycle. The best choice would be to bring a cloth bag. The are sold or even given away for free at most department stores, they can be used for several years at a time and not only that they are more easily broken down in the environment as compared to plastic bags. 2. Explain how fossil fuels are formed? Fossil fuels are formed when organisms such as algae zooplankton, phytoplankton as well other organisms die settle on the sea floor. Overtime when clusters of these organisms are covered by sand and silt and the conditions are just right their organic structure starts to break down after several million years the end result is a dark liquid material that is processed by refineries and turned into modern day gasoline. The reason its called fossil fuels is due to the fact that a fossil, by definition, is the remains of a dead organism and that is what fossil fuels are. 3. Is it ever possible to be completely healthy? While it is possible through a healthy diet and adequate exercise to attain a healthy body for an extended period of time there are setbacks that happen that prevent people from being completely healthy. For example a person who tried his/ her best to be healthy through dieting or exercise can never prevent his/herself from contracting a disease, virus, sickness etc. No matter who the person is they will get sick several times over the course of their life and as such can never be classified as completely healthy (Brian 2009). 4. Can we design buildings or houses that save energy? Explain your answer Yes buildings that can save energy can be designed to saved energy can be made and are actually in existence. A lot of houses these days have an insulating material installed in-between the outer and inner wall of the house. When winter comes along this insulating material helps to keep heat in and cold out thus saving on heating bills. Another example is the use of solar panels on the roofs of houses. These days the use of solar energy panels has been advertised as a means to save electricity and to even make money off of since any excess energy produced can be sent into the local power grid and the homeowners of the solar powered house can make money off of the power company while saving energy at the same time (Flin 2006). List of References Life in the Universe. (2001). Platetectonics. Retrieved on May 19, 2010 from http://www. lifeinuniverse. org/Platetectonics-05-02-01. html Gilbere, Gloria. TOTAL HEALTH MANAGEMENT Requires Conscious LivingNot Getting-by on Auto-pilot. Total Health 30. 2 (2008): 48-50 Flin, David. Hot shots [solar powered home]. Power Engineer 20. 3 (2006): 16-19. Brian, Sarah Jane. making a of difference. Scholastic Parent Child 16. 7 (2009): 38-42. Guhl, Sven, et al. Bivalent Effect of UV Light on Human Skin Mast Cells—Low-Level Mediator Release at Baseline but Potent Suppression Upon Mast Cell Triggering. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 124. 2 (2005): 453-456 Boardman, John. The need for soil conservation in Britain – revisited. Area 34. 4 (2002): 419-427.

The History of Graffiti Art

The History of Graffiti Art Literally graffiti means the writing on the wall. It is a way for people to make a public visual expression anonymously. Most often it is an expression that is not endorsed by the authority, and is thrown up without permission.  Since the beginning of time, graffiti was meant to send the viewer a message about the artists feelings concerning society, art and politics or to mark territorial boundaries. The earliest form of graffiti was created by the cave dwellers in prehistoric times. However, the first known graffiti artists lived in ancient Rome in Pompeii. There archeologists have found examples of graffiti in the form of words that include, Once you are dead, you are nothing; Restitutus has deceived many girls; Lucius painted this, amongst many others. Urban graffiti the type of graffiti that we associate with today started in the 60s in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The graffiti artists who started the first bombings are CORNBREAD and COOL EARL. Their names appeared all over the city, attracting the attention of the community and local press. Shortly after, graffiti quickly spread to New York City. One of the first recognized urban graffiti artists, Taki 183 was a Greek youth who came from a working-class family in Washington Heights. As a messenger, Taki, traveled all over New York City throwing up his name tagged with a marker on subway stations and subway cars. A New York Times reporter tracked down and interviewed Taki 183, and published an article titled Taki 183 Spawns Pen-Pals. The article had an unexpected effect as hundreds of writers turned to the streets to express their feelings. Tagging exploded all over the city. as graffiti artists tried to upstage each other with their names and styles. As one graffiti writer put it, How many people can walk through a city and prove they were there? Its a sign I was here. My hand made this mark. Im fucking alive! Eventually taggers were searching for different ways to gain notoriety. Taggers began embellishing their names with additional designs, some for visual effect and some for relevance. The most famous tag in the cultures history was STAY HIGH 149. This tagger used a smoking joint as the cross bar for his H and a stick figure from the television series The Saint. Tagging got bigger and more defined. Taggers increased the thickness of their letters and outline them with other colors. They discovered that the caps from spray paint cans increased the width of the spray. This led to the development of the masterpiece a much more involved form of graffiti than the throw up. The first credited masterpieces were to taggers called, SUPER KOOL 223 of the Bronx and WAP of Brooklyn. They used the thick letters and decorated the inside with a variety of designs. Their pieces covered subway cars from top to bottom.   The art of graffiti was gaining recognition so much so that Hugo Martinez, sociology major at City College in New York founded the United Graffiti Artists. This organization picked top subway artists from all over the city and gave them the opportunity to display their work in the venue of an art gallery. The Razor Gallery was very successful Hugo Martinez help many graffiti artists gain fame and recognition. Not everyone agreed with gaining the notice of the art elite. Many artists were against putting graffiti on a white canvas. They didnt like the idea of people criticizing their work or having it displayed in galleries. They wanted to stick to the origins of their art and felt like they were betraying the art by turning their work into a product that art dealers could buy and sell. In the mid seventies artists started creating graffiti with scenery, illustrations and cartoon characters surrounding the masterpieces and a new wave of creativity was borne. The creative expression of graffiti artist boomed until the mid 80s and then the culture declined rapidly. The use of crack cocaine became rampant in the inner city and guns were easily acquired. New laws prevented the sale of paint to minors and merchants had to place spray paint in locked cages. The biggest change was the increase in the Metropolitan Transit Authoritys anti-graffiti budget and the penalties for tagging became harsher. The lack of resources and places to tag caused many graffiti artists to become territorial and aggressive If one artist tagged in another taggers territory they risked being beaten and robbed of their painting supplies. Physical strength and unity as in street gangs became a major part of the Graffiti experience. The next big resurgence in graffiti came with the explosion of Hip Hop and music videos that depicted New York City street culture of the 80s. Books like, Subway Art, Spray Can Art, and films like Style Wars, prompted attracted people from all over the world to emulate the street culture style. This was the catalyst for the expansion of aerosol art world-wide. Overseas graffiti artists came to New York to tag and New York artists went to Europe. The New York artists were so sought after that many were given air fare, accommodations, and paint! New places and new things to paint emerged. Graffiti art began appearing on highways, roof tops and walls. Magazines like International Graffiti Times, videos like Video Graf, and websites like Art Crimes also increased the world wide popularity of this art form An art form that was oncepracticed by low-income urban youth is now popular with an entirely new array of creative youths and adults. Today about one-half of graffiti artists come from white middle and upper-class homes, mostly in suburban areas.   Kids from the suburbs connect with the messages that the inner-city kids communicate. They are also trying to break free from the culture of materialism and rejecting and protesting some of the moral values of society. Middle- and upper-class youths in suburbs, have free time and money to do what they wan and are educating themselves to reject the sterile, superficial culture of their surroundings and look for an alternative way of life with more meaning. Recently, several prominent graffiti artists have turned their creative talents into new business opportunities. They have clothing lines, design for major labels and sneaker manufacturers, and consult with big companies who seek street accreditation for their brands.However, in many graffiti artists minds a conflict arises when graffiti is used for advertising consumer goods. It goes against the original message of graffiti, to stand up against the ruling class and to not be exploited. From this perspective, using graffiti to promote a commercial product is ironic. Graffiti is being used to encourage people to spend their money on products they dont need. Whether graffiti has lost its origins and meaning, the attraction for most graffiti fans today may or may not be solely for the social motives.With Shepard Fairys, Obama Hope posterwhich was featured in the presidential race,Pixnits stenciled store fronts, and Banksys Oscar nod for his graffiti based film Exit Through the Gift Shop, graffiti art has absolutely become mainstream and its popularity is flourishing.The creative and original side of graffiti attracts a new generation of artists that are looking for different ways to express themselves. They are also attracted to the fact that graffiti developed outside of the traditional avenues for artistic expression. Recently, the Smithsonian solidified the importance and power of this art form announcing their newest exhibit, Hip-Hop Wont Stop: The Beat, The Rhymes, The Life, which features the works of many graffiti elite.

Porters Five Forces On Aviation Industry

Porters Five Forces On Aviation Industry The Indian aviation industry is one of the fastest growing aviation industries in the world with private airlines accounting for more than 75 per cent of the sector of the domestic aviation. It is stated that the Indian aviation sector will become one of the top five civil aviation markets in the world over the next five years. Currently, India ranks ninth in the global civil aviation market. The Hyderabad International Airport has been ranked amongst the worlds top five in the annual Airport Service Quality (ASQ). With the growth in the industry, airport retailing has also gained pace in the recent times. Development of new terminals and airports such as the recently inaugurated T3 in New Delhi has provided added impetus to this segment. The highest margin earners in this segment are food and beverages, beauty product, electronic items, apparel etc. It has been predicted that airports would provide around 300,000-400,000 square feet retail space by 2015. Many companies are also plan ning to leverage on this growing segment by launching specific products for air travelers. In addition, the emphasis on modernization of non-metro airports, fleet expansion by airlines, service expansion by state owned carriers, development of the maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) industry in India, opening up of new international routes by the Indian government, establishment of new airports and renovation and restructuring of the existing airports have added to the growth of the industry. Present Indian Scenario It is a phase of rapid growth in the industry due to huge build-up of capacity in the LCC space, with capacity growing at approximately 45% annually. This has induced a phase of intense price competition with the incumbent full service carriers (Jet, Indian, Air Sahara) this- counting up to 60-70% for certain routes to match the new entrants ticket prices. This, coupled with costs pressures (a key cost element, ATF price, went up approximately 35% in recent months, while staff costs are also rising on the back of shortage of trained personnel), is exerting bottom-line pressure. The growth in supply is overshadowed by the extremely strong demand growth, led primarily by the conversion of train/bus passengers to air travel, as well as by the fact that low fares have allowed passengers to fly more frequently. There has, therefore, been an increase in both the width and depth of consumption. However, the regulatory environment, infrastructure and tax policy have not kept pace with the industrys growth. Enactment of the open sky policy between India and Saarc countries, increase in bilateral entitlements with the EU and the US, and aggressive promotion of India as an attractive tourism spot helped India attract 3.2 million tourists in 2004-05. This market is growing at 15% per annum and India is expected to attract 6 million tourists by 2010. Also, increasing per capita income has led to an increase in disposable incomes, leading to greater spend on leisure and holidays and business travel has risen sharply with increasing MNC presence. Smaller cities are also well connected now. Passenger traffic has increased and over 21 million seats have been sold, resulting in a growth of over 50%. The Indian travel market is expected to triple to $51 billion by 2011 from $16.3 billion in 2005-06. Application of Porters Five Forces strategy in the Aviation Industry Threat of New Entrants A lucrative industry is always a target for investors looking at investment. One of the foremost factors in consideration while looking at the attractiveness of an industry is the threat of new entrants. In the airlines industry, this was a major threat a few years ago. The airlines operating in the industry were limited and the industry had few players like Indian Airlines and Jet Airways. However, as the industry had scope for accommodating more players many players joined the fray. The airlines industry however comes with its fair share of barriers. The investment in the airlines is very huge and acts as a major barrier to entry. Bundled with it were different permits for running an airline company from the civil aviation company and FDI limits. Factors that can limit the threat of new entrants are known as barriers to entry. Some examples include: Existing loyalty to major brands Incentives for using a particular buyer (such as frequent shopper programs) High fixed costs Scarcity of resources High costs of switching companies Government restrictions or legislation Power of Suppliers This is how much pressure suppliers can place on a business. If one supplier has a large enough impact to affect a companys margins and volumes, then it holds substantial power. In the airlines company there is certain amount of bargaining power the suppliers have. Firstly, suppliers in the form of aircraft builders, who very often exceed the time limits. Adding to it are suppliers of oil who hold the key to running of the airlines. Here are a few other reasons that suppliers might have power. There are very few suppliers of a particular product There are no substitutes Switching to another (competitive) product is very costly The product is extremely important to buyers cant do without it The supplying industry has a higher profitability than the buying industry Power of Buyers This is how much pressure customers can place on a business. If one customer has a large enough impact to affect a companys margins and volumes, then the customer hold substantial power. Predominantly, in the airlines industry, it has been seen that the civil aviation ministry has been in favour of the customer and buyers thus have reasonable power. While most airlines companies are running with wafer thin margins, it is pretty difficult for companies to increase prices as the capacity utilization will be seriously affected. Here are a few reasons that customers might have power: Small number of buyers Purchases large volumes Switching to another (competitive) airline is simple The airline is not extremely important to buyers; they can do without the same brand for a period of time Customers are price sensitive Availability of Substitutes What is the likelihood that someone will switch to a competitive product or service? If the cost of switching is low, then this poses a serious threat. Most airline companies have similar facilities and are listed on website such as makemytrip.com, yatra.com where customers choose from the cheapest available tickets. This shows that the customer has a lot of options and would Not mind shifting to a new service. Here are a few factors that can affect the threat of substitutes: The main issue is the similarity of substitutes. All low cost airlines have similar facilities. If substitutes are similar, it can be viewed in the same light as a new entrant. Competitive Rivalry This describes the intensity of competition between existing firms in an industry. Highly competitive industries generally earn low returns because the cost of competition is high. The competition in the airline industry is cutthroat and each player is trying to gain an upper-hand based on non price factors. A highly competitive market might result from: Many players of about the same size; there is no dominant firm Little differentiation between competitors products and services A mature industry with very little growth; companies can only grow by stealing customers away from competitors SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE AVIATION INDUSTRY Strengths: Growing tourism: Due to growth in tourism, there has been an increase in number of the international and domestic passengers. The estimated growth of domestic passenger segment is at 50% per annum and growth for international passenger segment is 25% Rising income levels: Due to the rise in income levels, the disposable income is also higher which are expected to enhance the number of flyers. Growth potential Liberalization of sector. Modernization of non metro airports. Rising share of low cost carriers. Fleet expansion by state owned carriers. The opening up of new international routes by Indian government. Establishment of new airports and restructuring of old airports. Weaknesses: Under penetrated Market : The total passenger traffic was only 50 million as on 31st Dec 2005 amounting to only 0.05 trips per annum as compared to developed nations like United States have 2.02 trips per annum. Untapped Air Cargo Market: Air cargo market has not yet been fully taped in the Indian markets and is expected that in the coming years large number of players will have dedicated fleets. Infrastructural constraints: The infrastructure development has not kept pace with the growth in aviation services sector leading to a bottleneck. Huge investment requirement for physical infrastructure for airports. Shortage of qualified instructors due migration to schedule operation. Pressure on quality standard of inducted pilots. Infrastructural constraints. Opportunities: Expecting investments: investment of about US $30 billion will be made. Expected Market Size: Average growth of aviation sector is about 25%-30% and the expected market size is projected to grow up to 100 million by 2010. Economic Growth Vibrant middle class: Increasing Consumerism and Affordability common man Under-penetrated markets Growth in Tourism Currently domestic passenger market is growing at 50% Threats: Shortage of trained Pilots: There is a shortage of trained pilots, co-pilots and ground staff which is severely limiting growth prospects. Shortage of Airports: There is a shortage of airport facilities, parking bays, air traffic control facilities and takeoff and landing slots. High prices: Though enough number of low cost carriers already exists in the industry, majority of the population is still not able to fly to other destinations. Security and safety. Low profit margins and high operating costs.

Essay --

Kevin Mitnick Kevin Mitnick was born in 1963 in Los Angeles California. His parents divorced when he was young so he had a lonely life while his mother worked as a waitress to support them. He was unpopular until he discovered his aptitude for computer programming. His â€Å"career† began as a teenager when he learned to get free bus tickets, then progressed to a telephone phreaker, and ultimately to a notorious and elusive computer hacker. In his teens, he joined a local phone phreak gang who met regularly and planned pranks. As a telephone phreak he was able to overtake a phone a company switch to make personal calls and to eavesdrop on phone calls. In 1981, Mitnick was among a group of telephone phreakers who physically broke into Pacific Bell’s phone center; and they stole operating manuals for the phone company’s mainframe system, lists of computer passwords, and door lock combinations. Luckily for Mitnick, he was just 17 when he was arrested and only sentenced to three months in juvenile detention and one year of probation. In 1983, Mitnick used a computer at the University of Southern California to access ARPanet. ARPanet was the one of the first networks that used packet switching networks, the first network to implement TCP/IP and was the predecessor for what we now know as the Internet. Through his ARPanet access he was able to break into the Pentagon. Though he was legally an adult, for this offense, Mitnick received another light sentence of just six months at another juvenile prison. In 1987, Mitnick is again arrested and convicted for stealing software from the Santa Cruz Operation. He was sentenced to three years of probation without any jail time. Perhaps because Mitnick’s punishments were never severe, hi... ...how the combination of social engineering and social networking have made hacking, or in these cases, cracking, easier, â€Å"I can go into LinkedIn and search for network engineers and come up with a list of great spear-phishing targets because they usually have administrator rights over the network. Then I go onto Twitter or Facebook and trick them into doing something, and I have privileged access. If I know you love Angry Birds, maybe I would send you an e-mail purporting to be from Angry Birds with a new pro version. Once you download it, I could have complete access to everything on your phone.† (1) Mitnick’s crime’s may have seemed exceptional at the time, but the evolution of technology and social media since his 1999 conviction has increased the opportunities for more less skilled crackers with malicious intent to cause far more harm than Kevin Mitnick ever did.

Essay example --

Ashley Mitchell Professor Perniciaro LIT 2000 3 February 2014 Summary of H. Briscoe’s â€Å"The Scream† In H. Briscoe’s â€Å"The Scream,† a woman and her two daughters, Anna and Mary, are on vacation in the country of Spain. The story seems to take place fairly recently in this day and age. Throughout the account, we are taken on a journey, sometimes through Anna’s eyes, other times through the perspective of Mary’s and the mothers, through an amusement park on a blistering, sweaty day. But there is a twist at the end, and Mary is to blame. â€Å"The Scream† opens with the narrator providing a detailed account of the horrifically hot day in Spain, describing the heat as theoretical â€Å"missiles† and â€Å"rippling waves† (1). Anna, the eldest sister, adds to the horrific heat by mentioning that everything in the theme park was â€Å"manufactured - [with] angular, flat surfaces, and shiny polished metal,† which only added to the harshness of the sunlight (1). Additionally, the three, in an attempt to escape the overbearing heat and crowds, would risk forcing their ways in front of others in the drink line as well as the lines of shows that were labeled as â€Å"unmissable† in their eyes (1). Subsequently, the story kicks off with the mother proclaiming both Anna and Mary to carry a bag; Anna the second heaviest bag containing sunscreen and the camera, and Mary the smallest one, also referred to as a mini rucksack, which housed the money, keys, and other important items. Additionally, their mother carried a large food bag which is described as being filled to the brim. The three were seated on a bench next to a manmade lake when the mother began to walk away, resulting in Mary taking the mothers hand, and leaving Anna with no choice but to follow them to the ma... ...k down to see the rucksack slung over her sister’s shoulder. Anna stood in disbelief as Mary, wide-eyed and innocent looking, apologized for changing her mind about going on the rollercoaster, saying "It was just too scary after all" (11). Anna could no longer take the scorching heat and her sisters grinning face, and fell to the ground in a crashing fall. While the story originally focuses on the scenery and climate of the theme park, the focus shifts to that of the rollercoaster â€Å"The Scream!† rather quickly, as well as the manipulation that comes from Mary, and the mother, towards Anna. The twist at the end is relatively unexpected and pieces together the manipulations that Mary has been planning to use on Anna throughout the story. Work Cited Briscoe, H. "Short Stories: The Scream by H. Briscoe." Eastoftheweb.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2014.

John F Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev

Following World War II, the world felt the intensifying of the Cold War. Although the primary players were the United States and Russia, countries around the globe sat on the edge of their seats, waiting for the tension to rupture and a third World War to erupt. Two leaders had the fate of the world in their hands, during this era of world history, Nikita Khrushchev and John F. Kennedy. This paper will begin by overviewing each of these powerful leaders. Following these overviews, the leadership styles will then be compared and contrasted. In so doing, a clearer understanding will be developed of how two very different leaders could so effectively lead the two most powerful nations, during one of the most intense times in world history. John F. Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States, leading the nation from 1961 until his assassination on November 22nd, 1963. He was the youngest person ever to have been elected as President, and the youngest President to die. He is often seen as an American martyr (â€Å"John F. Kennedy†, 2005). Kennedy is known for his strong domestic and foreign policies. Although most of his civil rights policies didn't come into full fruition until his successor, Lyndon Johnson, came into office, due to his untimely death, Kennedy was an innovator both within and outside of America's borders. He was a visionary that had a the dedication needed to bring these visions to life. His leadership skills would be honed when a young Kennedy was finally accepted into the U.S. Navy, in 1941, where he earned the rank of lieutenant and commanded a patrol torpedo boat, or PT boat (â€Å"John F. Kennedy†, 2005). In 1943, Kennedy's leadership skills would be demonstrated, 18 years prior to his holding office and leading a nation in a tumultuous time. Kennedy's boat, the PT-109 was rammed while involved in a military raid near the Solomon Islands. Although Kennedy was thrown across the deck and injured his back, which had previously plagued him with problems, he was able to tow a wounded man three miles across the ocean to an island. He was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, with the following citation that sums up his exemplary leadership. â€Å"During the following 6 days, (Kennedy) succeeded in getting his crew ashore, and after swimming many hours attempting to secure aid and food, finally effected the rescue of the men. His courage, endurance and excellent leadership contributed to the saving of several lives and was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service† (as cited in â€Å"John F. Kennedy†, 2005). Following World War II, Kennedy began his career in politics. In 1946, Kennedy won the vacated seat of Representative James M. Curley, by a large margin. He was reelected to this position twice, but his voting record was often contradictory to President Harry Truman, as well as divergent from the Democratic Party as a whole (â€Å"John F. Kennedy†, 2005). This voting record was a demonstrative example of a Kennedy who would go on to prove that he was a man unto himself, as a future President. In 1952, Kennedy moved his political career one step forward with the defeat of Republican incumbent Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. for Senator of Massachusetts. His bid for the position of Vice President nomination at the Democratic National Convention, in 1956, although turned down, also bolstered his career. He also adroitly handled the Civil Rights Act of 1957 by voting for final passage, but also earlier had voted for the jury trial amendment which would have made the Act quite ineffective (â€Å"John F. Kennedy†, 2005). Nikita Khrushchev was born in the village of Kalinovja, in what is now known as Kursk Oblast of the Russian Federation. He was originally trained and worked as a pipe fitter for a variety of mines, but it was during World War I, that Khrushchev's leadership would begin to emerge, as he began to be involved in trade union activities, following the Bolshevik revolution, in 1917. A year later, Krushchev became a Party member and held various management and Party positions in both Donbass and Kiev. In 1931, he transferred to Moscow, and four years later, he became 1st Secretary of the Moscow City Committee. In 1938, he was given the position of 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Ukranian Communist Party. Krushchev continued to work his way up the Party ladder and was a member of the Politburo from 1939 (â€Å"Nikita Khrushchev†, 2005). During the Second World War, Khruschev served as a political officer, holding a rank similar to Lieutenant General, in the United States. He coordinated the defense of the Ukraine and then was the senior political officer in the South of the Soviet Union throughout the war. Stalin's death in March of 1953 instigated a power struggle between several different factions within the Party. Khrushchev prevailed and became Party leader on September 7th, 1953 (â€Å"Nikita Khrushchev†, 2005). A Comparison of Kennedy Versus Khrushchev: Khrushchev was a powerful leader of Russia during a chaotic time. He immediately began to seek a course of reform, which was exemplified in his famous Secret Speech, that was given to the 20th Party Congress, in 1956. Khrushchev alienated himself from the more conservative members of his Party, speaking out against Stalin's actions, especially those crimes committed during the Great Purges (Khrushchev, 1956). This is in direct comparison to Kennedy's early leadership style. Kennedy too refused to simply do as the Democratic Party demanded. He often voted against Party lines, to the chagrin of traditional Liberals. Although both men would alienate themselves from some of their Party members, both would gain increased acceptance from more moderate Party members, and respect from many because of their willingness to do what they felt was right, not what was popular. Their dedication to their visionary leadership goals was a similarity, while their personal styles were in severe contrast. Khrushchev was often seen as uncivilized and boorish. He had a reputation for his significant temper and often resorted to interupting speakers to insult them. Khrushchev was known for pounding his fists on the table and shouting during a United Nations conference in 1960, and even taking off his shoe and pounding it violently on the table, when asked how he could oppose Western captilist imperialism given his actions to rapidly assimilate Eastern Europe (Khrushcheva, 2000). Whereas Kennedy grew up in a wealthy, refined family and would never have considered to resort to such measures to get his point across. Yet, both men were incredibly charismatic, able to eloquently express themselves and rally their citizens behind them in a call of patriotism. Although both men had significantly different styles, they were both able to manipulate the emotions of their citizens to secure their leadership position and accomplish tasks such as the development of space programs, that others afterwards were able to complete. Even today, Kennedy receives much of the credit for great steps that he only had a small part in, such as the Civil Rights Act, which was conceived by his brother Robert Kennedy, and implemented by Lyndon Johnson. Yet, because of their ability to lead, in a difficult time, both men will be remembered as powerful opposing leaders who had much in common.

Benefits of Co-Curricular Activities

With the Internet, people now have even more opportunities to bully through cyber bullying, especially teenagers. This includes sending embarrassing pictures, posting fake web pages, or tweeting hurtful messages. Cyber bullying has gradually led to a rise in a completely new kind of bullying. One of the effects of bullying is that it can change the victim’s personality. It can cause people who are normally confident and happy to become self-conscious, shy, and unsure. To add on, victims of bullying may also become sad or depressed.Their confidence may become very little, keeping them from trying new things or trusting people. Once a person has been bullied, they may hesitate to participate in situations where he or she might be made fun of, such as speaking in front of a large amount of people. Furthermore, victim might even begin to possess previously absent anxious behavior. Another effect of cyber bullying is the people who have been bullied sometimes become so depressed th at they see no worth in themselves and no way out of their torment.There are times when victims even resort to seek revenge on the bully or worst, ending their life's . There have been countless reports over the past few years of students committing suicide because they were bullied. As a result of cyber bullying, people can lose their ability to trust and develop eating disorders, begin to self-injure, or require extensive counseling. Another unfortunate consequence of this is that cyber bullying is often a cycle.People who have been bullied can, in an attempt to gain their power and self-esteem back, become cyber bullies themselves. In conclusion, there are three main effects which are,changing the personality of the victim,the victim may have suicidal thoughts or might want to seek revenge and victim's might turn out to be bullies themselves. Hence, cyber bullying is as harmful as bullying even though it does not leave scars on the surface but it the victims will be scared emotio nally.

Vikram Sarabhai Essays and Term Papers

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (MCA) MCA/ASSIGN/III/YEAR/2012 ASSIGNMENTS Year, 2012-13 (3rd Semester) (MCS-031, MCS-032, MCS-033, MCS-034, MCS-035, MCSL-36) There are ten questions in this assignment, which carries 80 marks. Rest 20 marks are for viva-voce. Answer all the questions. You may use illustration and diagrams to enhance the explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the MCA Programme Guide for the format of presentation. The examples, whenever asked to be given, should be different from those that are discussed in the course material.Question1: Using Insertion Sort, sort the following sequence in increasing (10 marks) order and do the analysis of the algorithm: 35, 37, 18, 15, 40, 12 Question 2: Write a pseudocode for divide and conquer algorithm for finding the position of an array of n numbers and estimate the number of key comparisons made by your algorithm. (10 marks) Question 3: Apply quicksort to sort the following list: Q U I C K S O R T (10 marks) in alphabetical order. Find the element whose position is unchanged in the sorted list. Question 4: Write Strassen’s matrix multiplications algorithm for obtaining the product of two matrices. 10 marks) Question 5: (i) Define DFS. Explain briefly how it differs from BFS. (10 marks) (ii) Write pseudocode for DFS and calculate its time complexity Question 6: Apply Kruskal’s algorithm to find minimal spanning tree with an example. (10 marks) Question7: Arrange the following growth rates in increasing order: O (3n), O (n2), O (1), O (n log n) Question 8: Using Principle of Mathematical Induction, prove that the sum 20 + 21 +†¦+ 2n is 2n +1 – 1 for all n ? 1. (4 marks) (6 marks) Question 9: Define Knapsack Problem and cite one instance of the problem. (5 arks) Question 10: Explain the essential idea of Dynamic Programming. How does Dynamic Programming differ from Divide and conquer approach for solving problems? (5 marks) 3 Course Code Course Titlle Assignment Number Assignment Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : : MCS-032 Object Oriented Analysis and Design MCA(3)/032/Assign/2012 100 25% 15th October, 2012 (For July 2012 Session) 15th April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session) There are eight questions in this assignment, which carried 80 marks. Rest 20 marks are for viva-voce. Answer all the questions.Make necessary assumptions where ever required. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Program Guide for the format of presentation. Question 1: What is Object Orientation? Explain features of Object Oriented approach of system design. Why it is better than Structured approach of system design. (10 Marks) What is UML? Briefly explain, different UML Diagrams used for Modeling. Question 2: (10 Marks) Question 3: What is class diagrams? Explain how classes are identified in designing of an object oriented system, with the help of an example. (10 Marks) What is generalization?Explain how it is different from specialization with an example. Question 4: (10 Marks) Question 5: What is dynamic model? Also explain how it is different from object model. (10 Marks) Question 6: What is state diagram ? Differentiate between a simple state diagram and a composite state diagram. Draw state diagram for Railway Reservation System. (10 Marks) What is Bi-directional Implementation? Explain advantages of Bi- directional Implementation with example. (10 Marks) What is ternary association? Explain how ternary associations are mapped into tables with an example. (10 Marks)Question 7: Question 8: 4 Course Code Course Title Assignment Number Maximum Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : : MCS-033 Advanced Discrete Mathematics MCA(3)/033/Assign/2012 100 25% 15th October, 2012 (For July 2012 Session) 15th April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session) There are FIVE questions of total 80 marks in this assignment. Answer all questions. 20 Marks are for viva-voce. You may use illu strations and diagrams to enhance explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format of presentation.Question 1: (a) Using Karnaugh map, simplify X': A'BC'D'+ ABCD+ ABCD'+ ABCD' (5 Marks) (b) Describe Konigsberg’s 7 bridges problem and Euler's solution to it. B (5 Marks) (c) Show that the sum of the degrees of all vertices of a graph is twice the number of edges in the graph. (5 Marks) Question 2: (a) Let G be a non directed graph with 12 edges. If G has 5 vertices each of degree 3 and the rest have degree less than 3, what is the minimum number of vertices G can have? (5 Marks) (b) What is Graph Cloning? Explain K-edge cloning with an example. (5 Marks) c) Let f(n)= 5 f(n/ 2) + 3 and f(1) = 7. Find f(2k) where k is a positive integer. Also estimate f(n) if f is an increasing function. (5 Marks) Question 3: (a) Define r-regular graph. Give an example of 3-regular graph. (5 Marks) (b) f is bijective function with Ra nge of f as the (5 Marks) 5 (c) What are isomorphic graphs? Are the graphs given below isomorphic? Explain why? (7 Marks) a b 1 d c 3 4 2 (i) (ii) (4 Marks) (d) What is connected Graph? Construct a graph with chromatic number 5. Question 4: (a) Solve following recurrence relations i) = + n, =2 (9 Marks) sing substitution method ii) iii) 9 = (b) Write a short note on Tower of Hanoi Problem. How can it be solved using recursion ? Question 5: (a) Show that for subgraph H of a graph G ? (H) ? ? (G) (b) What is Divide and Concuer relations? Explain with an example? (4 Marks) (4 Marks) (4 Marks) (c) Find a power series associated with the problem where we have to find a number of ways to select 10 people to form and expert committee from 6 Professors and 12 Associate Professors. (4 Marks) (d) Tree is a Bipartite Graph† justify the statement with an example? (4 Marks) 6Course Code Course Title Assignment Number Maximum Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : : MCS-034 Sof tware Engineering MCA(3)/034/Assign/12 100 25% 15th October, 2012 (For July 2012 Session) 15th April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session) This assignment has one question for 80 marks. 20 marks are for viva voce. You may use illustrations and diagrams to enhance the explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format of presentation. Question 1: Assume that you are assigned responsibility of developing a Student Admission System (SAS).Admissions take place through various modes such as accepting applications by post, online etc. SAS should accept data from all modes and create a merit list for admissions to various programmes offered by the University. For developing SAS as specified above, (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Which SDLC paradigm will be selected. Justify your answer. List the functional and non-functional requirements. Estimate cost Estimate effort Develop SRS using IEEE format (20 marks) (10 marks) (10 marks) (10 marks) (30 marks) 7 Course Code Course Title Assignment Number Maximum Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : :MCS-035 Accountancy and Financial Management MCA (3)/035/Assign/2012 100 25% 15th October, 2012 (For July 2012 Session) 15th April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session) This assignment has five questions. Answer all questions. 20 marks are for viva voce. You may use illustrations and diagrams to enhance the explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format of presentation. Question 1: From the following Trial Balance of Rama Nand Sagar, prepare Trading and Profit & Loss Account for the year ended 31st December, 2011 and a Balance Sheet as on that date:Dr.Balances Opening Stock Purchases Sales Return Carriage Inwards Carriage Outwards Wages Salaries Plant & Machinery Furniture Sundry Debtors Bills Receivable Cash in Hand Travelling Expenses Lighting Rent and Taxes General Expenses Insurance Drawings Rs. 20,000 80,00 0 6,000 3,600 800 42,000 27,500 90,000 8,000 52,000 2,500 6,300 3,700 1,400 7,200 10,500 1,500 18,000 3,81,000 Cr. Balances Sales Purchase Return Discount Sundry Creditors Bills Payable Capital Rs. 2,70,000 4,000 5,200 25,000 1,800 75,000 3,81,000 8 Adjustments:(1) Stock on 31st December, 2011 was valued at Rs. 24,000 (Market Value Rs. 0,000). (2) Wages outstanding for December, 2011 amounted to Rs. 3,000. (3) Salaries outstanding for December, 2011 amounted to Rs. 2,500. (4) Prepaid insurance amounted to Rs. 300. (5) Provide depreciation on Plant and Machinery at 5% and on Furniture at 20%. (20Marks) Question 2: Following are the balance sheets of a limited company as on 31st December, 2010 and 2011. Liabilities 2010 Rs. 2011 Rs. Assets 2010 Rs. 2011 Rs. Share Capital Reserves B. & L A/c Bank Loan (Long-term) Creditors Bills Payable 64,000 13,000 8,600 25,000 38,000 8,000 1,56,600 84,000 15,500 8,800 –34,000 8,500 1,50,800Goodwill Buildings Plant Stock Debtors Cash Bank 3,00 0 50,950 35,000 25,500 42,000 150 –1,56,600 2,250 48,000 43,000 18,800 36,200 180 2,100 1,50,800 Taking into account the following additional information, you are re-required to prepare funds flow statement and statement of changes in working capital. (a) Dividend paid was Rs. 6,000/(b) Rs. 3,600/- was written off as depreciation on plant and Rs. 2,950/- on buildings. (c) Profit on sale of plant was Rs. 3,000/(20 Marks) 9 Question 3: The following are the ratios extracted from the Balance Sheet of a company as on 31st Dec 2011. Draw up the Balance Sheet of the company.Current Liabilities Current Assets Liquidity Ratio Stock Turnover Ratio (Based on COGS) Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio (Based on sale) Gross Profit as percentage of sales Debtor collection period Working capital Shareholders Capital Reserve and Surplus 1. 0 2. 5 1. 5 6 2 20% 2 Months Rs. 3, 00,000 Rs. 5, 00,000 Rs. 2, 50,000 (20 Marks) Question 4: Critically examine the various methods of evaluation of capital budg eting proposals? Explain the significance and application of the technique of discounted cash-flow. (20 Marks) Question 5: What do you mean by receivable management? What are its objectives?Explain the dimensions of receivable management. (20 Marks) 10 Course Code Course Title Assignment Number Maximum Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : : MCSL-036 Lab Course MCA (3)/036L/Assign/2012 100 25% 31st October, 2012 (For July 2012 Session) 30th April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session) This assignment has three sections. Answer all the questions in each section. Section 1 and Section 2 are of 13 marks each. The lab records related to these sections also carries 13 marks each. Section 3 and lab records related to section 3 carry 14 marks each. Rest 20 marks are for viva voce.You may use illustrations and diagrams to enhance the explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format of presentation. SECTION 1: MCS-032 Qu estion 1: Ram and Shyam are starting a breakfast in a small town. They will have three bedrooms for guests. They want to develop software service to manage the reservations and to monitor expenses and profits. When a potential customer calls for a reservation, they will check the calendar, and if there is a vacancy, they will enter the customer name, address, phone number, dates, agreed upon price, credit card number, and room number(s).Reservations must be guaranteed by 1 day’s payment. Reservations will be held without guarantee for an agreed upon time. If not guaranteed by that date, the reservation will be dropped. i) Draw at least two use case diagrams and define all the classes. ii) Draw the Sequence and Collaboration Diagrams. iii) Draw the Class Diagrams. iv) Draw the State Transition Diagram. v) Draw the Component Deployment Model. SECTION 2: MCS-034 Question 1: An automobile dealer wants to automate its inventory. It can record all of the cars that a customer purcha ses. It records all repairs. It records all arriving shipments of repair parts.The dealer wants daily reports on total daily repairs, daily sales, and total inventory. This report is called â€Å"dailyreport. † The dealer also keeps track of all customers and potential customers that visit the dealership. The dealer also wants a monthly report showing all visits and purchases by customers listed by day of the month. The dealer also wants the ability to query about any customer or potential customer. (2 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks) (2 marks) 11 i) Develop the SRS by performing requirements study. ii) Identify various processes of the system and generate the DFD’s for the system.You may use any software to develop the DFD. iii) Design the ER diagram for the company and do the database design giving all the constraints. iv) Perform the detailed procedural design for any two processes. (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) v) Create at least four test cases for e ach of the procedures designed in part (iv) (2 marks) vi) Suggest some security mechanism for the usage of the system with various privileges. (2 marks) vii) Draw the PERT diagram for the given set of tasks and dependencies. Complete the table showing the critical path and the slack time. 2 marks) SECTION 3: MCS-035 Question 1: Prepare Trading Account and Profit and Loss A/c of Mr. Sanyam and Balance Sheet from the following balances extracted from books for the year ending 31st March 2009: (14 marks) Trial Balance of Mr. Sanyam as on 31st March, 2009 Dr. Amount (Rs. ) 1,520 17,425 10,000 900 4,000 2,750 50 100 50 100 100 150 300 500 18,750 150 Cr. Amount (Rs. ) Particulars Cash Account Bank Account Machinery Account Furniture A/c Stock (1-4-2005) Purchase A/c Discount Allowed Repair A/c Cartage A/c Municipal Taxes Advertising A/c Rent A/c Salaries Bad debts A/c Capital Bad debts recovered A/c 2 Discount Received Sales Loan @ 12% p. a. Shyam Bros. 37,945 45 15,000 2,000 2,000 37,945 Following adjustment are to be made: (i) Salaries Outstanding Rs. 200, Prepaid Rent Rs. 50. (ii) Provide depreciation on machinery at 10%; write off furniture by 20%. (iii) Interest on loan has been due for one year and remained unpaid. (iv) Write off Rs. 400 which are not to be paid to Shyam Bros. (v) Provide interest on capital @6% p. a. for full year. (vi) Value of closing stock on 31. 3. 2006 was Rs. 8,000. 13

Criminal Punishment: Utility vs. Retribution

Eva Rivera 3/7/13 Phil 108 – EthicsShort Paper #2 Criminal Punishment: Utility vs. Retribution Chapter 10 – Topic #3 The practice of punishment is part of our society and functions to maintain social order. However, there are a couple different view points regarding how to appropriately carry out punishment. Retribution and Utilitarianism are two philosophies that have very different views on the theory of punishment. Philosopher Immanuel Kant asserts that Retribution is the model for punishment.Kant argues that punishment should be governed by two principles: 1. people should be punished solely for the reason that they have committed a crime and 2. punishment is to be in proportion to the severity of the crime (Rachels 142). For example, a small punishment is suitable for a small crime and a more serious punishment is suitable for a more serious crime. Furthermore, Retribution means that a person committing a crime will be held responsible for their actions.Kantâ€℠¢s moral theory states humans, having the capacity to reason and make choices for themselves, need to be held accountable. If we don’t, then we are treating them as if they were not rational, reasonable agents. Furthermore, justification of punishment comes from the nature of the crime and does not consider if the consequences are good or bad, just that the person pays the penalty for having committed the crime. This view point is vastly different that the Utilitarian model of punishment (Bzdak PP). The Utilitarian view point always considers the consequences of punishment.The foundation of Utilitarianism is that happiness is the ultimate goal and we need to do whatever we can to maximize this. Punishment is wrong (immoral) because it is, inherently, an unhappy circumstance. However, punishment is moral if the good outweighs the bad. Punishment should lead to good consequences; it should help the person being punished so both society and the criminal benefit. The principle of rehabilitation is at play here and the goal is to do whatever is needed to make the criminal a productive member of society.The view of Retribution not only differs with Utilitarianism on the view of consequences but also human integrity or dignity. The Utilitarian justification of rehabilitation is not in line with Retribution. Retributivists would say that it is disrespectful to humans to treat them as though they were not rational beings and because of this, need to be rehabilitated. As stated before, there are only two principles governing punishment – having done the crime and receiving an appropriate punishment – disregarding other reasons like consequences.In my opinion, I think that retribution is more appealing than the utilitarian view. The biggest factor that sways me to retribution is the concern of those who don’t commit crimes. Retribution is only concerned with those who commit crimes be held accountable. Utilitarians can easily justify punishing an innocent person on the grounds that it would benefit the greater happiness of the world. References Rachels, S. , & Rachels, J. (2012). The elements of moral philosophy (7th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Social Contract on Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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