12 Free Online Learning Sites on History, World Culture and Law

12 Free Online Learning Sites on History, World Culture and Law For a long time, a lot of important information was difficult to access. Nowadays, because of the fast technological development, many unique legal documents and historical manuscripts can be easily viewed on the Web. Here is a selection of valuable online sources, which can help you in writing your essay. University of Washington’s OpenUW  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The University of Washington offers a free educational resource for courses related to history.Notre Dame OpenCourseWare  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Here is another place for getting decent learning materials for students and self-learners from around the world.Bio’s Best  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Biography.com is a valuable website for those who study history. Mostly, students tend to consult Wikipedia if they need information on important people who changed the world in some way. Yet, we can confidently advise checking out this website for more information about the most popular and influential historical figures of all times.Boston College Front Row (History)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Boston College offers a free access to streaming media and video materials of cultural and scholarly events, which regularly take place at this educational establishment.MIT OpenCourseWare (History)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ More than 70 subjects related to history are covered by the MIT History Fa culty and the access to the information is free.Wikiversity School of Social Sciences  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This is a portal of the Social Sciences, which is aimed to help learners of different educational levels, from pre-school to the university. Both professional and informal types of training are covered.OpenLearn (Arts and Humanities)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The Open University is well-known for the opportunity of a flexible part-time study. It offers a great variety of undergraduate and postgraduate qualifications and access to the course materials is free.A Biography of America  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This source is valuable particularly for the students who learn the history of the United States. It presents a comprehensive factual narrative of the whole history of America.Have Fun with History  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Here is another interesting resource for all those who are keen on studying the diverse history of the United States.The USGenWeb Project  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ If you are curious about your ancestors, the Project ca n help you figure out your family history.Duke Law Center for the Public Domain  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Duke University is considered to be one of the best educational establishments in the South. It offers free access to courseware for those who want to thoroughly study the justice system.Case Western Reserve University School of Law  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Provides high-quality lectures, webcasts and podcasts for law students. Here you can find a great selection of law-related materials, which are useful and insightful.

10 High-Paying Vocational Jobs to Consider

10 High-Paying Vocational Jobs to Consider Education is very important and is instrumental towards furthering your career. But that doesn’t mean you have to complete a traditional four-year degree to find job satisfaction and career success. Here are 10 of the highest paying vocational careers- most of which require only an associate’s degree, or some certification or degree from a technical school. If any of these sing to you, you might be able to bring home a good deal of bacon without having to go get an expensive and time-consuming bachelor’s degree. So think about looking outside the traditional box and expanding your earning potential- and getting a leg up on all of those Humanities majors who are working in retail and underemployed!1. Electrical RepairmanMaintain and repair electronics and electrical equipment in both household settings and at companies, and make a median annual salary of over $57k.2. Commercial PilotEver wonder what it’s like to fly planes? This job requires a bunch of hard work and training- FAA accredited flight school certification in addition to your associate’s- but the paycheck speaks for itself. The median annual salary is well over $57k, and you’ll see nothing but blue skies ahead! Fly passengers or cargo. Plus, the benefits are great!3. Nuclear Medicine TechnologistYou’ll need a specialized associate’s degree in nuclear medicine, but you can earn over $62k per year (median salary) working alongside radiologists or physicians.4. Fashion DesignerHave an eye for fashion? Talent with a sewing machine? Get your associate’s or some specialized training at a fashion school and you could net a median annual salary of over $62k.5. PlumberThis noble career is always in high demand. The median annual pay is around $50k, but top paid plumbers can make almost $90k. There’s also great growth in this field- about 12%.6. Dental HygienistYou need very little schooling to make an annual median salary of over $72k clean ing teeth, educating patients, and assisting dentists. And with a growth rate of 19%? No brainer.7. Registered NurseRegistered nurses are always in demand. With only an associate’s degree, you can help provide essential care for patients in any number of health care settings. And you can make median salary over $67k- but top earners can make over $101k.8. Nuclear TechnicianWith an associate’s degree in applied sciences, you can make up to $65,500 in median annual pay managing and operating equipment in the nuclear power field.9. Computer SpecialistGood with computers? Take your associate’s degree- or simply some specialized training at a technical school- and put your skills to work fixing and managing hardware, software, and other systems. The more skills you have, the more companies you’ll appeal to! And the median annual salary is over $68k.10. Web DeveloperIf you have, or think you might have, a knack for building websites- an eye for design and good skill with computer software- then you might do well as a web developer. Median pay is nearly $65k per year, but top pay can be over $116k. And the growth rate is an insane 27%.

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human Resources - Essay Example The local market has reached saturation and 80% of the firm’s sales are in North America. The firm needs new markets for sales and production options to be able to produce in a globally competitive market. This may be achieved by impeccable execution by the HR department. This would mean changing the whole organizational culture of the firm and drawing out more efficient ways of operations especially where employees are concerned. The problem was that the firm was losing shareholder value, which it needed to regain at any cost or risk the firm’s downfall as a permanent feature. The firm was growing with takeovers and eating competition shares which was not enough for real growth, as it needed to increase its top-line sales (Hofstede, 2005). Analysis With the changing global economic environment, Sonoco began suffering as its sales went down. The firm was incurring many additional expenses which could have been easily avoided had the HR structure been in line with the lo ng-term strategies of the firm. The firm was in need for surging new markets but it could not do so with the current HR design nor could it afford to spend unnecessarily especially on employees. Assessing the internal environment it seemed that the employees had settled in and were content with the fact that they had secure jobs. The majority had been working for a long time with the firm which made them at ease with one another and there was hardly any competition with one another which worked negatively for the firm (Decenzo, 2001). This is because the employees did not mind that some of them were under-producing and were ok with the fact that they were not being compensated for their extra work if any. The firm was not giving the right appreciation to the right employee, which indicates that the growth was not on merit. Perhaps there was a lack of leadership where the grievances of employees were not addressed and they stayed because the firm was lenient. The employees did not ha ve stringent objectives to work towards and apparently the overall work of each employee was not too demanding. However, the work environment was healthy as there is teamwork and employees are willing to protect each other. But there is a stark absence of a leader and key knowledge workers who could help in implementing the long-term goals and objectives of global growth. The HR department lacked structure and strategic alignment. Hartley focused on talent management and to place the right person at the right place, to assess individual worker’s input so that the compensation plan, promotion and talent may be assessed and utilised accordingly. She also focused on aligning the HR with that of GM’s businesses. She also focused on the fact that the firm needed to develop employees in terms of training and on the job learning. Lastly she understood that there was a need for leadership and to identify those with leadership qualities for the future. However, in her approach the most apparent mistake was that there was a top down approach. The industry trends were changing where the packaging demanded became extremely segmented and catering to these different niches was challenging. It was essential to understand the consumers. Likewise, according to Deresky (2007) it was essential to understand the wants and needs of the employees as suggested by Maslow in his needs theory. Once these needs were

Understand the approaches to human resources practices in Essay

Understand the approaches to human resources practices in organisations - Essay Example A few of the most common methods for assessing the performances of the employees and the organisations are as follows: Cortical incident method is concerned with recognising and defining specific events which are related to an employees’ performance. This method helps to recognise any drawbacks or decent activities of the employees that generated certain positive or negative instances in organisations and accordingly tries to develop methods for betterment (Waldt, 2004). Paired comparison method is the other well-liked method for performance management. This method comprises a list of relevant options which are intended for comparing one employee with certain other employee. This method is used for recognising the most effective employees in an organisation (Waldt, 2004). Management by Objectives (MBO) is another performance management method where supervisors and employers develop a list of objectives and make evaluations on the basis of the performances of the employees regularly. This method is mostly concerned with the goals accomplished by the employees without considering the ways of such accomplishments (Waldt, 2004). 360 degree feedback method a renowned method used in several organisations for assessing and managing the performances of the employees. In this method, employees provide confidential and anonymous assessments about the performances of their co-workers. Therefore, this method is useful for understanding the opinions of each employee about the activities and functions of other associates (Waldt, 2004). Performance management is a systematic procedure which involves various steps. The objective of these steps is to improve the efficiency of the organisation for achievement of mission and objectives. The process of performance management is described below: At the first phase, every organisation needs to plan the performance prospects and targets for

Managing Director on WTO Impact and Helping Enter New Markets Dissertation

Managing Director on WTO Impact and Helping Enter New Markets - Dissertation Example Also, the access to previously untapped markets has greatly helped the global economy as well as the different efforts of various countries and their governments to fight off poverty. Indeed, the economic activity that has been fuelled by trade liberalisation has contributed positively to the overall struggle to help ease poverty albeit there remain some countries as well as sectors that have yet to benefit fully from free trade (Mortishead 2006). Still, it cannot be denied that overall; free trade has provided immense opportunities that companies can take advantage of. Thus, for companies that are targeting to go global, it is important to factor in to their strategies the innate benefits of free trade that consumers have come to expect as well as the prospect of having more competitors and intricate transactions in the complex global marketplace (Wyld and Thomas 2011). Background, Aims and Objectives The liberalisation of trade has enabled globalization to gain much traction by all owing access to companies to previously untapped markets as well to take advantage of the different competitive advantages of various countries that can help them mitigate their costs and thereby increase their respective bottomlines. From its early years, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to its current WTO form, the organisation has pushed for greater trade liberalisation in order to maximize the potential of various nations as well as to hear out the pressing concerns that are being voiced out by member countries. Encouragingly, the recent Uruguay round has ushered in new, better and more binding agreements since there are more trade issues that have been sealed by more member nations compared to previous WTO rounds (A Round to End All Rounds, 2011). The increase in the trade agreements as well as the more numerous number of members that have joined together for the Uruguay round has greatly boosted the scope of trade liberalisation. Also, the membership of the pr eviously reclusive China has vastly increased the size of the global market since this country has the largest population all over the world. Consequently, there have been important policy adjustments that have been promulgated by the Chinese to support their membership to the global marketplace. Hence, there have been adjustments in their economic policies as well as their social and legal systems in order for them to qualify for WTO membership. Probably the most important of this was the lowering of their tariffs which have previously barred foreign competitors from entering their economy (Chow 2001). Another important contribution by trade liberalisation was the rise of the private sector which has immensely contributed to the growth of their respective economies and aggregately to the global economy as a whole (Wharton University Articles 2006). The free flow of products and services has also been accompanies by the flow of capital from the richer countries to the developing cou ntries. All these have been made possible when borders and barriers have been significantly brought down by free trade (Wacziarg and Spolaore 2004). Hence, there has been a strong improvement of the global economy as a whole with these important reforms that has been the fruit of having a strengthened free trade and the demolition or easing of protectionist policies between nations. Thus, companies are able to move freely across the borders of different nations gaining important new markets for their products as well as possible cheaper labour that are

The Sovereignty EU Parliament

The Sovereignty EU Parliament Sovereignty of Member States (UK) after joining European Union structures – does it still exist? It is important first to address what the perception of the doctrine of supremacy is to then examine what effect membership of the European Union has had on the sovereignty of the United Kingdom Parliament. The doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty in the UK can be traced back to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which is considered by some as being one of the most important events in the long evolution of the respective powers of Parliament, establishing the superiority of statute over prerogative powers. Parliament’s legislative supremacy involves not only the right to change the law, but that they alone should have that right. By the sovereignty of Parliament it is meant that there are no constitutional limitations on legislative powers of ‘Parliament’: the Queen in Parliament, through which a Bill approved by the House of Commons and House of Lords receives Royal Assent and becomes an Act of Parliament. It also extends to include the concept that the courts are under an obligation to give effect to legislation passed by Parliament, and not to question Parliamentary decisions embodied in statute. Thus defined, Dicey said of Parliament, which is had ‘under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.’(Dicey, The Law of the Constitution 1885 p39-40). This statement by Dicey exemplifies the classic interpretation of the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty. However, the Diceyan concept of the absolute, infinite sovereignty of Parliament is considered out of date and therefore in need of being revised. The impact of European law on the ‘sovereignty’ of Member States is one of the most controversial aspects of its working. Sovereignty is generally taken to be the capacity of a state for independent action both within and outside its own territory. That definition may be broken down into three elements. First, and most importantly in the context of international law, comes external sovereignty or the capacity of a state freely to determine its relations with other states or international organisations. A state possessing such capacity is clearly independent of other states. So, in this context, independence is a near synonym for external sovereignty. The counter part of (and necessary condition for) external sovereignty is internal sovereignty which is a state’s exclusive right and jurisdiction to establish its own internal institutions, to make the necessary arrangements for their working, to legislate for all purposes and to secure observance of such legislation. Finally territorial sovereignty is the exclusive authority which a state may exercise over anything or anybody within, above or beneath its territory. This includes the jealousy guarded right to regulate access to the air space above the territory or, for example, to seize foreign submarines which encroach within the territorial waters of a maritime country. Clearly, sovereignty as so defined cannot be absolute. All states must respect the sovereignty of others and accept limitations to their sovereignty stemming either from their interaction with other states or, for example, from treaties which they have entered into. Sovereignty is defined as the ultimate overseer or supreme authority in a state.   In a state sovereignty is vested in the institution, person, or body to impose law on everyone else and to alter any pre-existing law. The word sovereignty is also defined in another ways. Nation states are said to renounce part of their sovereignty, for example by signing a Treaty or by agreeing to an EU Directive which removes the right of decision from the national government or parliament in a particular field. Or they are said to share sovereignty by agreeing to common action though EU institutions, thus participating in decisions taken by the EU in accordance with its procedures, and no longer retaining the right to act unilaterally. In this use of sovereignty it virtually means the same as freedom to decide unilaterally. Before analyzing sovereignty of UK after joining the EU, it is important to outline the reasoning for the supremacy of Community Law from the Community point of view, and then a definition of Parliamentary sovereignty will be given. To summarise the Community view on supremacy according to the Court of Justice is that Community law, because of its unique nature, denies the Member States the right to resolve conflicts of law by reference to their own rules or constitutional provisions. Community law obtains its supremacy because of the transfer of state power and sovereignty to the Community by the Member States in those areas agreed. Furthermore, the Member States have provided the Community with legislative powers to enable it to perform its tasks. There would be no point in such a transfer of powers if the Member States could annul or suspend the effect of Community law by later national law or provisions of the constitutions. If that were allowed to be the case, the existence of t he Community legal order and the Community itself would be called into question. A precondition of the existence and functioning of the Community is the uniform and consistent application of Community law and the Community legal order in all the Member States. It can only achieve such an effect if it takes precedence over national law. Therefore the legal and logical consequence of this is that any provision of national law which conflicts with Community law must be invalid. Now that the supremacy of the Community has been considered, Parliamentary sovereignty must now be considered. Basically, in terms of dicey, the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty means that there are no legal limitations of Parliament and it has the right to make or unmake any law whatsoever. Further, no person or body is recognised as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament. The doctrine also implies that it is impossible to bind future Parliaments. Any subsequent Act expressly or impliedly overrides a prior Act and even international treaties can be expressly overridden by municipal. The UK’s membership of the European Union produces difficult questions of competing supremacies of Parliament and the primacy of EU law. Britain’s accession to the European Economic Community on 1st January 1973, was described by Anthony King as having â€Å"profound constitutional consequences†. (Does the United Kingdom Still Have a Constitution? 2001 p54) Britain’s application for membership was made in 1967, the Treaty of Accession signed on 22nd January 1972 and this was implemented by the European Communities Act 1972. The basis of this Act was a white paper published by the Labour government in 1967, intended to address the constitutional implications of membership of the EC. The paper pointed out that the effect of the UK adhering in advance to future instruments imposed by the Community institutions had no precedent in this country, and would result in a ‘constitutional innovation’. Whether this innovation could be successfully impleme nted was never resolved before the introduction of the 1972 Act. Many have said since our membership in 1973 that our sovereignty has been said to be handed over to the EU. The issues surrounding sovereignty in the UK system are affected by Britain’s membership of the European Union (EU). The laws of the EU are binding on all member states, and therefore, take precedence over British domestic law. Apart from a few exceptions, EU legislation automatically becomes law within the UK, irrespective of the opinion of the British Parliament. Although this is the case, parliament could agree to repeal previous legislation, withdraw from the EU to demonstrate that parliamentary sovereignty still exists. Therefore this leads to the argument that Britain has kept its sovereignty with the fact that it could pass an Act to, â€Å"renounce the Treaty, or would that be an illegal act of rebellion?† (Norman Tebbit Nov. 1998) However, I believe this to be unlikely unless one of the mainstream political parties were to adopt a strong anti-EU policy. T he 1986 Single European Act and the Maastrict Treaty can be seen as reducing Britain’s sovereignty since they have extended the range of policy areas on which the EU can legislate. This has caused many British Conservative members of the European Parliament to continually vote against many proposals, not because they necessarily disagree with them, but that they think they should be dealt with at a national level. Upon Britain’s accession to the EU in 1973, direct effect was accepted by us pretty much immediately. However this was completely opposite when it came to the United Kingdom accepting the supremacy of EU law. This was seen to be a problem because the doctrine conflicts centrally with the concept of having British constitution of ‘parliamentary sovereignty.’ The acts of parliament override all existing law or legislation. However in 1990 the House of Lords found a way to reconcile British parliamentary sovereignty and supremacy. As on a reference from the House of Lords, the European Court of Justice ruled that a 1988 act of British parliament was in breach of EU law. â€Å"The House of Lords accepted the judgement on the grounds that in passing the 1972 act of accession to the EU, British parliament had voluntarily accepted the EU legal system of which the supremacy of EU law is a central part. The House of Lords also argued that this does not compromise parliamentary sovereignty, as a future British parliament could repeal this act of accession.† (The political system of the European Union, Simon Hix, Macmillan Press, London, page 117) Britain’s entry into the European Treatys has attracted huge reform, as British Parliament must legislate in conjunction with EU law. And Acts and Laws already in existence must be interpreted to conform to EU Law, and the State has to ensure that all EU law is transposed and implemented accurately. This puts a huge strain on the Courts whilst ruling, thus making a mockery of Precedent as any case incorporating EU legislation can only be considered using the purposive approach, in order that EU directive can be met. So then this means that Britain has not in fact reserved its sovereignty as promised when first mentioned to the public all those years before. To understand the concept, we first need to acknowledge the unwritten code of the constitution and its efforts to ensure that Parliament is the executive law producing body of the land. And so, any Act of Parliaments will need to be adhered to directly by the applicable national court. In the case of Regina v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame it is easy to see the ingratiating manoeuvres of The House of Lords as it bows to supremacy of EU law.

Psychology and Depression Essay -- Psychology Psychological Essays

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Photosynthesis Playbill

The CREW Stage Manager Jo King Assistant Stage ManagerUriel Smart Creator/Writer NH Graphic Designer Kenny Dewitt Costume Designer Uta Mann Set and Props Crew Starr E. Sky Lighting DesignerWanda Rinn Sound Crew Dinah Might Dance Crew Jim Class Makeup Vic Toree DresserNeil B. Formi Acknowledgements The script, Life of Ps was made possible by my AP Biology teacher’s assignment.If not for her, I would never have sat down and composed a four page script about Photosynthesis. I would also like to thank my supporting family for listening to my complaints and frustrations throughout this process. My gratitude goes out to the AP Bio Facebook group as well, for answering all the questions I had about Photosynthesis. Thank you all very much. The CAST In order of appearance *Narrator *Thylakoid Lila *Calvin Cycle Cal Water H-Two-Oh *Electrons *Oxygen Oxi *Photons Tony *Photosystems II and I (respectively) *Chlorophylls A (P680 and P700) *Hydrogen Ion The Hydrogen Twins *Ferredoxin *Cytoc hrome Complex *Plastoquinone *Carbon Dioxide *NADP+ and NADPH *NADP+ Reductase *ATP Synthase *ATP and ADP + P *Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and RuBisCO *3-PGA *G3P *Glucose Biographies Main characters (Alphabetically)Calvin Cycle: Three phases occur here: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration Chlorophylls A (P680 and P700): reflects green light, and absorbs red and blue light to being the process of photosynthesis Electrons: transported through the Electron Transport Chain for the production of ATP and NADPH Glucose: ATP from the Light Reactions are used, with the addition of hydrogen ions to CO2 to make glucose. Narrator: Narrates the play Thylakoid: interconnected sacs and membranes within the chloroplast that contain enzymes involved in Light Reactions Water: is split to release electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen

buy custom Effects of Spouses’ Physical Abuse on Boys and Girls Adult Relationships essay

buy custom Effects of Spouses’ Physical Abuse on Boys and Girls Adult Relationships essay Domestic abuse has extensive and lasting consequences on victims. The impacts can either be physical or emotional and can affect the direct victim and children who notice parental brutality. Whenever parents are aggressive, with or without annoyance, there is a constant likelihood of child mistreatment. Physical violence to the child can as well transpire. During parental hostility, brutality moves straight onto the child, particularly older males. When parents are fighting, for instance, a mother can accidentally drop her baby or hit the child by mistake (Archer, 2000). I choose to focus on this topic because of these reasons, and many others since it is important to both parents and children. Hypothesis In this paper, I will show how physical abuse between spouses influence boys and girls behavior in adulthood. In most cases, the dissatisfaction in the relationship transfers to dissatisfaction in the child particularly when an irritated parent shifts blame for his or her matrimonial predicaments onto the child. Mistreated partners may not strike back against the violent partner and takes her assault out on the child by incorporating the child and his spouse, as an object for brutality. Emotional exploitation of children in brutal families may crop up more frequently than physical violence, and may result to intense mental harm to the child.Moreover, children can be abandoned owing to the parents' meager energy or incapability to meet their requirements. Abandonment of the child might take the shape of emotional deficit, poor control, failure to offer sufficient health care, or failure to give enough food (Sandra et al. 2000, 642). There is a genuine risk that children will learn violence, and that it will turn into an element of their outline of conduct. Research findings, child mistreatment texts and family theorists point out those aggressive patterns of conduct that are passed down to generations. Studies have shown that mistreated children recurrently turn out to be violent parents and offensive partners. Children who see their parents or other important adults take on in physical hostility frequently adapt to these manners and rebuild them in adulthood. In addition, numerous adults who exploit their partners were mistreated as children and/or witnessed physical aggression involving their parents (650). Theoretical Framework Brutality is an outline of cultured manners. It seems to be obtained by exposure, watching and endorsed in the family. It appears that the recurrence of the aggression is also attributable to the absence of any other practical or cultured stress reactions in the family structure. Although an individual who has been abused as a child regularly has extreme pessimistic outlook concerning the parents and their actions, opposing this harmful outlook are feelings of devotion for and a sense of belonging with the parents. Children might grow to take after the abusive behavior or as a victim. In addition to getting acquainted to brutal actions, the children discover adaptive or endurance behaviors by which they can evade being mistreated. Both the abuser and sufferer characters are presentd to children's performance repertoires, and they acquire a spouse who is also vulnerable to approve these characters (Hinchey and Gavelek, 1982, 399). Usually, the boy who witnesses family hostility will, firstly, sympathize with his mother and have severe pessimistic thoughts regarding his father's hostile actions. As he grows, the child might try to mediate in aggressive occurrences. Furthermore, the older son in the family may serve to cater for some of his mother's requirements and may assume some of the father's responsibilities. He may turn into his mother's close friend and supporter. Having learnt how to protect their mother from an abusive father, such a male becomes a very responsible man, overly protective, caring and loving towards their future partners (401). Conversely, as the male child attains late teenage years, he might become aggressive, disobedient, and unmanageable. In his effort to get away from the exceptionally close connection with his mother, he might become offensive to her, as he starts to relate to his father. He might as well begin excessive drinking, destroy property, and act aggressively to younger siblings. He might become violent if he gets into a relationship. Method The study designs employed in the findings expressed in this paper are surveys carried out by doctors, psychologists and gender advocates. They have taken a sample of both men and women in some studies, while others have taken women only. These are people who are mostly affected by spouse physical abuse in their childhood, and consequently in their adult relationships. The doctors measured the rate of depression and pressure in both men and women in poor relationships. They used the Hamilton Depression Scale to identify the intensity of depression in such individuals and a sphygmomanometer for blood pressure. These measurement tools were used because they are simple to incorporate and save on time. Survey Findings According to Sandras study, girls who have observed hostility involving their parents might take either the sufferer, or the abuser character, based on the situation. Females whose mothers endorse only a sufferer position will usually mimic this character themselves. Frequently, they take up child nurturing tasks for the younger children. The older female might ignore school to look after them. The female may hate this responsibility but will seldom convey annoyance. She typically tries to gratify her parents, but is regularly incapable of meeting their requirements. During aggressive incidents, she might make an attempt to defend her siblings. The daughter's responsibility as substitute mother and intermediary frequently makes her a prospective prey of incest. These girls may be silent, withdrawn, and reserved. There is likelihood that, without intercession, they will turn into victims of brutality. Consequently, such a female may not be willing to get involved with men in their adu lthood (Sandra et al. 2000, 650). Alternatively, daughters who have observed aggressive parental relations might have behavioral setbacks. These girls may exhibit their prediicaments in the classroom and act aggressively to age mates or siblings. As they approach puberty, most of these girls flee from their abodes, become drugs or alcohol addicts and sexually chaotic. All of these actions imply an effort to flee from a psychologically and physically destitute condition. Such a child will develop to be a reckless adult and certainly have poor relationships (Jeffrey and Angela, 1994). Those males who see their fathers mistreat their mothers are more probable to impose intense brutality as grown-ups. Statistics imply that females who see motherly mistreatment may endure violence as grown-ups more than females who do not. The lasting outcomes of child sexual mistreatment comprises despair and self-unhelpful activities, annoyance and resentment, poor sense of worth, feelings of seclusion and shame, difficulty in believing others, particularly men, marital and relationship setbacks, and a trend in the direction of revictimization. A discussion research study by Sandra and her colleagues tested whether revealed information of childhood witnessing to parental spouse mistreatment was connected with internalizing features of grown-up changes. Applicants were 550 males and female university scholars. Among females, childhood experience to spouse violence was connected to despair, trauma-connected indications and poor sense of worth. Among males, experience was linked with trauma-related indications. These relations were arithmetically unconnected to parental alcohol misuse and break ups accounted for. Relationships of parental spouse mistreatment to poor sense of worth and dejection among females were as well independent of deviation in shown information of child sexual and physical mistreatment. However, the connection of spouse mistreatment to trauma-connected indications depended, partially, on the co-incidence of child mistreatment. The discussion tackled allegations of the results for upcoming research and for medical applications (Sandra et al. 2000, 642). Several experimental studies have surveyed the association between familiarity with domestic hostility and developing disturbing distress. Hinchey and Gavelek (1982, 397) interviewed 93 females reporting to be in continuing, traumatic relationships and those who had grown on aggressive abodes. The researchers based their study on the connection between emotional violence, intensity of abuse in the relationship and dejection. The outcome of the study demonstrated a considerable connection between domestic hostility and dejection. In every cluster in the research, emotional abuse on its own, moderate abuse, and intense abuse, women attained the highest rate for disturbing tension chaos. Generally, 55.9% of the test met analytical standards for the condition. With the use of questionnaires, the study also proved that those particular women were in poor current relationships. In additional support of the extensive connection between family hostility and future relationship of children, Gaylord and his colleagues, interviewed 100 females in Australian asylums, each of whom had gone through domestic brutality. They established that 45 of the 100 females had problems with their relationships . Buy custom Effects of Spouses’ Physical Abuse on Boys and Girls Adult Relationships essay

The Health Impacts of Microwave Radiation

The Health Impacts of Microwave Radiation Introduction The 21st century has witnessed the development of numerous technologies which have helped to make human life easier. One of the technological breakthroughs of the century was in the adoption of various uses for the microwaves.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Health Impacts of Microwave Radiation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, these waves are extensively used for mobile communications and for cooking using the microwave oven. The prevalence in use of microwaves has resulted in human beings and the environment in all industrialized countries being exposed to electromagnetic fields in degrees that far exceed the natural tension levels. Significant concerns about the adverse impacts of radio-frequency on health have, therefore, been raised by the public with increasing frequency over the past few years. This paper will address the health concerns about microwave radiation so as to demonstrate t hat microwave radiations do have adverse effects on both human beings and the environment. The paper will conclude by offering alternatives and recommendations to mitigate the adverse impacts of microwaves. Background on Microwave Definition Bogdal defines microwaves as electromagnetic radiation placed between infrared radiation and radio frequencies, with wavelengths of 1mm to 1m which corresponds do the frequencies of 300 GHz to 300Mhz respectively (1). Microwaves are classified as non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation since the energy of the quanta that carry the energy is not enough to knock electrons from atoms as is the case with ionizing radiations such as X-ray energy. The past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in the worldwide use of microwaves. Figure 1: The Electromagnetic Spectrum The manner in which microwave radiation interacts with biological systems is through thermal and non-thermal effects. Thermal effects are attributed to the deposition of heat on a tiss ue while non thermal effects are attributable to the direct interaction of the waves on a tissue without a significant heat component. Moulder et al state that heating is the predominant means through which microwave energy affects biological systems (191).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Applications Microwaves have had the most significant application in the field of telecommunications and especially by cell phones. While mobile telecommunication emerged about two decades ago, the prevalence in use of this technology by the population only occurred in the last decade as a result of developments of digital systems. Here, the microwaves are used to carry voice information via small modulations of the waves frequency. Cell phones typically operate by sending voice data in the form of microwaves to a base station while receiving data in the same microwaves form from th e voice of the person being called. Wireless internet also makes use of microwaves which operate at 5 GHz or 2.4GHz. In wireless internet, the transmission of data is achieved via the same concept that voice is transmitted with the difference being that data are being transmitted instead of voice. The reason for the prevalence of microwave use in telecommunication is because microwave frequencies have a great capacity in carrying information. Microwaves are also used for household and industrial microwave ovens. Microwave ovens use a frequency of 2.45GHz to heat the food. The heating ability of microwave ovens is based on the ability of some liquids and solids to absorb and transform electromagnetic energy into heat (Bogdal 1). An important consideration is that the waves are to a large extent ignored by the plastic or glass container that holds the food or water. Health effect of Microwave Effect on environment Ground towers The mobile phone system employs a network of base station s which are distributed all over the service area and transmit microwave signals at an effective radiated power which lies between 200 and 2000 watts (Moulder et al. 190). The negative impact of ground towards has been further augmented by the increase in the number of base stations in many countries. This increase has been necessitated by the introduction of new 3G-UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) networks has resulted in the need for more towers and antennas. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Health Impacts of Microwave Radiation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 2: Microwave transmission towers. Ground towers have an adverse impact on the nearby vegetation as well as livestock that may be situated near the station. Huynh and Stutzman document that animal studies have observed health changes and chemical effects in animals that have been exposed to microwave radiation (24). Research by L à ¶scher and Ks revealed that cattle which was grazing near ground towers emitting microwaves suffered from severe milk yield reductions, spontaneous abortions and stillbirths (439). These negative effects were mitigated when the cattle was removed to pastures away from the towers but the adverse effects reappeared once they were brought back. Research by Balmori demonstrated that plants and trees are sensitive to the electromagnetic changes in the atmosphere that microwaves cause (2). In trees, microwave radiations cause resonance in the cellular membranes which distort the electrical charges of particles and also cause a disruption in water circulation. Forests are, therefore, irreparably damaged by long term exposures to microwaves. Antenna Antennas also have a negative impact on the environment due to their vast numbers. The distance between antennas that are placed on rooftops or lampposts is not restricted by government regulations in most countries which means that a signifi cant number of antennas can exist in a small radius. In animals, exposure to high levels of microwave radiation causes impairment of the immune system. Studies by Là ¶scher and Ks demonstrate that sheep which had been grazing in close proximity to transmitting antennas suffered from impaired immune system as well as fertility problems (439). This can be attributed to the changes in DNA repair mechanisms after microwave exposure which leads to decreased immunity defense (Levitt and Lai 374). Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 3: A Microwave Antenna Effect on humans Microwave ovens Consumption of food that has been cooked with a microwave oven for prolonged periods of time may have adverse effects on human beings. Research indicates that people who eat microwave cooked foods to long periods of time have an elevated level of cancerous cells in their body (Bogdal 11). In addition to this, microwave ovens alter the composition of minerals in vegetables forming cancerous radicals which can cause intestinal cancerous growths in a person. Microwaves also create by products that cannot be broken down by the human body resulting in food residuals building up in the body. If these residuals accumulate over an extended period of time, they can have adverse effect such as blood serum alteration. Figure 4: A standard Microwave Oven Cell phones The microwaves emitted by cell phones have a negative effect on human beings due to the distance between the cell phone and the human head when using a phone. The human brain, eyes, and auditory apparatus are the most exposed to the microwaves due to their location relative to the phone while in use. Research indicates that repeated use of cell phones results in the repeated exposure to microwave radiations of a fixed amount of body tissue with the deposition of significant amounts of radiation in the head. Moulder et al. document that there were increased acoustic neuromas in Sweden for people who reported using the phone on the same side of the head as the tumor (195). Microwave radiations in cell phones are also reported to cause memory, and learning impairment in children. Children are more susceptible to damage from cell phone radiation since their bodies are still developing. Research indicates that radiation from a cell phone penetrates deeper into the head of children than an adult’s due to their specific anatomies and tissue composition (Levitt and Lai 373). Figure 5: A Generic Cell Phone Ground towers The intensity of the microwa ve radiation decreases rapidly with increase in the distance from the emitting source. As such, exposure to microwaves from transmission towers is low depending on ones proximity. However, broadcast exposures due to tower stations have also been found to be unsafe even at regulated levels. Researchers have established a link between microwave radiation exposure and cancers in men and women who live near broadcast towers. Levitt and Lai stated that in a 10 year study evaluating data for approximately 1000 patients who lived close to cell antennas, it was found that those patients who lived for 5 to 10 years at a distance of 400 meters or less from a cell installation had a relative risk of getting cancer that was 3 times higher than those residents living more than 400 meters away from the installations (382). Alternative solutions and recommendations The study of microwave radiation effects on humans and the environment has overwhelmingly suggested that there is a significant relati onship between microwave exposure and health effects. This health hazards are as a result of both long-term low level exposure to handset radiation as well as short and long term exposures to high levels of radiations from ground towers. There is, therefore, need to address the health hazards that microwave radiations pose on both human beings and the environment. Research indicates that the ration exposure from microwaves during regular use is unlikely to be harmful to the individual. With this in mind, people should limit their usage of cell phones and microwave ovens so as to avoid the adverse health impacts that may result from overuse. As has been noted, the negative impacts associated with cell phones are as a result of the antenna being close to the users head as they are talking. It is, therefore, recommendable that people use phones which have antennas mounted away from the user. Alternatively, a user can increase the distance between himself and the cell phone by using hea dset or earpieces. While in the house, it is recommended that people use household cordless phones as opposed to mobile phones. This is because cordless phones operate at lower power levels and do not have the adverse health effects attributed to cell phones. The demand for wireless internet access has led to a need for hundreds of antennas in close proximity to the population for optimal signal strengths to be gotten by the users. Considering the negative effects these antennas, people should use wired internet connections such as optic fiber and phone lines. Government regulations can also help to decrease the harmful impact of microwave radiation from cell phones. If cell phones are manufactured such that they do not exceed the internationally recommended SAR and power density levels, they can prevent adverse health effects. Governments should also be strict in ensuring that manufacturers and players in the telecommunications industry adhere to the recommended RF exposure standar ds which are measured by two common parameters: specific absorption rates (SAR) and Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) (Huynh and Stutzman 24). Proximity to cell base stations has been noted to be associated with health complaints. With this in mind, the base stations should be located at least 500 meters away from human populations so as to avoid exposing people to harmful microwave radiations. As has been highlighted, children are more susceptible to microwave radiations. Measures should, therefore, be taken to ensure that their exposure to these harmful radiations is minimized. One way of doing this is by prohibiting the construction of cellular antennas within 400m of school property. Conclusion This paper is set out to address the health concerns about microwave radiations. The paper started by noting that the past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in the worldwide use of microwaves. This increased use has resulted in people being exposed to microwaves on even higher lev els than in the past. The paper has documented that microwaves are responsible for a myriad of negative health effects including: cancer, immune system changes, and learning impairment. The waves also affect the environment and animals in some cases leading to their destruction. The paper has highlighted some solutions and recommendations which, if followed, can significantly decrease the negative impacts that microwave radiations currently cause on humans and the environment. Balmori, Alfonso. The effects of microwaves on the trees and other plants. Dec 2003. Web. https://www.buergerwelle.de/assets/files/plantingle.pdf?cultureKey=q=pdf/plantingle.pdf Bogdal, Dariusz. Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis: One Hundred Reaction Procedures. NY: Elsevier, 2005. Print. Huynh, Minh and Stutzman Warren. â€Å"A review of radiation effects on human operators of hand-held radios†. Microwave Journal 21.2 (2004): 22-42. Print. Levitt, Blake and Lai Henry. â€Å"Biological effects from exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell tower base stations and other antenna arrays†. Environmental Review 18.1(2010): 369–395. Print. Là ¶scher Weld and Ks Grant. â€Å"Conspicuous behavioural abnormalities in a dairy cow herd near a TV and radio transmitting antenna†. Pract Vet Surg 79.4 (1998): 437–44. Web. Moulder, Edward, et al. â€Å"Mobile phones, mobile phone base stations and cancer: a review†. Int. J. Radiat. Biol 81.3 (2005) 189 – 203. Web.

Toyota Cars Recalls Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Toyota Cars Recalls - Research Paper Example Finally, the purpose of this academic paper is to possibly recommend applicable solutions based on conflict management principles that would address the identified problems encountered by the Toyota Motor Corp. To further understand, how and why Toyota ended up with the Toyota Recall incident it is necessary to have knowledge on the background of the company and how it operates in the field of the automobile manufacturing industry. Toyota Motor Company Early Beginnings In 1933, Toyota did not out rightly start as an automobile manufacturing company. Actually, the family that started it was initially engaged with just spinning and weaving textiles and looms under Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, a small division, which was under the direction of Kiichiro Toyoda. It started to manufacture vehicles when the Japanese government at war with China encouraged this company to manufacture the needed domestic vehicles. (â€Å"History of Toyota†, 2011). A Window to Toyota Motor Corporation ( TMC) Today The CEO Who is running Toyota Motor Corporation today? â€Å"Akio Toyoda is the present President and Representative Director of the company. He is the grandson of the late Kaiichiro Toyoda, who operated the Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, a company devoted to manufacture automobiles during the 1930’s. Akio Toyoda was elected to the said positions in 2009 replacing Katsuaki Watanabe.† (â€Å"The President†,2011) TMC’s Domain â€Å"TMC’s domain belongs to the automotive industry and thus, its main product is the automobile. However, TMC today has expanded to other non-automotive business activities to include financial service business segments† (â€Å"Toyota Company Overview†, n.d.).Their stakeholders include: customers, business partners (dealers and suppliers), investors, consumers, nongovernmental organisations government, community, stockholders. Vision & Philosophy â€Å"Since its foundation, Toyota has been using the Gu iding Principle which says: to produce reliable vehicles and sustainable development of society by employing innovative and high quality products and services† (â€Å"Vision & Philosophy, 2011). Guiding Principle: â€Å"TMC’s guiding principle is to produce reliable vehicles and sustainable development of society by employing innovative and high quality products and services† (â€Å"Guiding Principle†, 2011). Toyota Global Vision 2020 â€Å"Toyota promotes efforts towards finding balance between the cycles of nature and the cycles of industry. Toyota commits to the ideals being pursued for People, Society and the Global Environment through the combined energy of people and technology† (â€Å"Toyota Global Vision 2020†, 2011). Employment: 320, 590 (Total in affiliated companies) Date Founded: August 28, 1937 Capital: 397.05 billion yen (as of March 31, 2010) Note: Information current as of June 2010. The number of employees includes those dis patched from other companies as of March 31, 2010 (â€Å"Company Profile†, 2011) TMC’s Organizational Structure â€Å"We have a fairly flat organization, which allows for ease of communications and flexibility. Within departments the organization divides into groups and teams, this team structure is a key element of the Company’s effectiveness.†

The Impact of Globalization on the Global Economy and Global Business Assignment

The Impact of Globalization on the Global Economy and Global Business - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that the Westphalian model of nationhood allowed different groups to form nations and maintain some degree of autonomy. The autonomy led to the creation of sovereign governments that were recognized locally in the nation and also internationally under the Westphalian treaty. Under this model, people and businesses had to be done within the confines of a given nation or state. In order to do any business elsewhere, the business needed to take up a charter or a kind of permit in the foreign jurisdiction. This provided serious restrictions for doing business borders. The Age of Exploration was pioneered by European sailors mainly from the Iberian nations of Spain and Portugal who found ways of reaching other nations by sea. This led to colonization and several international grasp of lands in foreign territories. In this era, businesses were organized strictly according to national lines and it was only the governments of the respective European nations who co ntrolled affairs in the overseas territories they had acquired. This led to serious tensions that led to several wars in the past three hundred years. The largest and most destructive of these wars fought over the control of national interests was the Second World War which was fought on the basis of trade restrictions and control of foreign territories. After the Second World War, the United Nations was formed to seek peaceful means of resolving issues and the promotion of human rights and the improvement of lives for people in societies around the world. Towards Modern Globalization The United Nations and other related entities like the IMF and World Bank set the foundation for the integration of nations and the unification of purpose of different businesses from different parts of the world. This marked the move towards the globalization that we have today. Globalization for the most part refers to the worldwide exchange of resources between nations and communities without restri ctions. As the study outlines globalization best refers to the elimination of borders and the disappearance of national restrictions on trade and other economic activities. Globalization has encouraged the harmonization of standards across borders and this has led to the maintenance of common systems and structures that aim at providing the best results for nations and peoples in different parts of the world. Globalization has affected global business and global economy in several ways. In other words, globalization has changed the world from the previous Westphalian model where citizens and businesses from nations could not operate in other nations without strict restrictions and limitations. There have been several changes that globalization has created in the general sense as well as the macroeconomic and microeconomic levels. General Trends of Globalization that Affects Businesses The fact that globalization, powered by the United Nations was inspired by the need to protect human rights and the dignity of people has led to a high degree of social consciousness.